




















Class HG/6^ 

Rmk / V S A ^ 


OFFICIAL OONAXION. 


























MARYLAND 

AT THE 

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 




































































REPORT 


OF THE 


MARYLAND COMMISSION 


TO THE 

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, 1904 

TO THE 

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OE MARYLAND 

SESSION, 1906 


BALTIMORE, MD. 
1906 














o ^ 
Y- ^ 



Copyrighted by J. C. Strauss, St. Louis, Mo. 

HON. DAVID R. FRANCIS 
President “ Louisiana Purchase Exposition ” 


V 


c r (' c f ( 


AUG S8 1906 
D. dfD. 


t t , I 


THE COMMISSION’S WORK 


ORGANIZATION 
OFFICIAL CEREMONIES 

AND 

EXHIBITS 


CONTENTS 

TEXT 

PAGE. 

Acts Cheating the Maryland Commission to the Louisiana Purchase 


Exposition and Making Appropriations Thereto. 5 

List of Officers and Members Maryland Commission. 8 

Letter of Transmittal to the General Assembly of Maryland. ... 10 

CHAPTER I. 

The Beginning of Maryland’s Exhibit. 11 

CHAPTER II. 

Organization of the Commission. 28 

CHAPTER III. 

The General Plan of the Maryland Commission. 32 

CHAPTER IV. 

The Maryland Building. 40 

CHAPTER V. 

Official Ceremonies . 45 

Dedication of the Exposition. 45 

Dedication of tfie Maryl.ynd Building. 46 

Maryland Day Exercises. 56 

Reception at the M.\ryland Building . 93 

Reception to Admiral Schley. 96 

CHAPTER VI. 

The Agricultural Exhibit. 98 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Exhibit of Maryland Mineral Products. 118 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Treasurer's Report . 130 

Conclusion . 132 




















ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PORTRAITS. 

PAGE. 

W. L. Amoss. 99 

L. Victor Baughman. 29 

Murray Carleton . 63 

P. P. Gator. 49 

William Bullock Clark. 119 

Samuel K. Dennis. 115 

Mrs. Marie A. Fisher. 61 

Clarence H. Forrest. 25 

David R. Francis. 4 

J. George Gehring, Jr. 13 

William H. Grafelin. 53 

Orlando Haerison . 51 

Prank N. Hoen. 31 

John E. Hurst. 35 

L. L. Jackson. 9 

Albert Jones . 113 

W. H. Lee. 97 

William H. Love. 21 

Charles C. Macgill. 17 

Henry J. McGrath . 47 

William A. Marburg. 43 

Francis J. McMastee. 67 

Mrs. Daniel Manning. 95 

Leonard Matthews. 73 

T. Garrison Morfit. 71 

Jacob M. Pearce. 57 

Blanchard Randall . 19 

Thomas H. Robinson. 55 

John Walter Smith. 7 

Frederick P. Stieff. 33 

W. H. Thomson. 69 

Martin Wagner . 37 

Edwin Warfield .. 77 

Francis E. Waters. 41 

Rolla Wells . 81 

GROUPS AND VIEWS. 

page. 

Canned Goods Exhibit. 109 

Corn Exhibit . 101 

Back View Corn Exhibit. 102 

Gold Medal Presented Mrs. Fisher . 132 

Gavel Presented Mrs. Fisher . 133 










































ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued. 


GROUPS AND VIEWS. 

PAGE. 

General Agricultural Exiiiiut. 100 

Group at Dedicatory Exercises. 75 

Governor Smith and Staff . 65 

Governor Warfield and Staff. 79 

Lateral View Agricultural Exhibit. 108 

Manufactured Tobacco Exhibit. 106 

Maryland Geological Survey Exhibit, General View. 121 

View Looking North. 123 

View Looking South. 123 

Building-Stones, Granite, Marble, Slate, Etc. 125 

Decorative Stones, Marble, Serpentine, Etc. 125 

Coals, Flints, and Feldspars. 127 

Iron Ores, Cements, and Lime Products. 127 

Clay Products, Fire-brick, and Tile. 129 

Clay Products, Pottery, Terra Cotta, and Enameled Brick. 129 

Maryland State Building. Frontispiece 

Maryland State Building (Interior). 39 

Ornamental Arbor . Ill 

Tobacco Exhibit . 104 

Tobacco Leaf Exhibit. 105 






















ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND OF THE 
SESSION OF 1902, CHAPTER 512 

An Act to appropeiate certain sums of money to the support of 

SUNDRY SCHOOLS FOR EACH OF TILE TWO FISCAL YEARS ENDING ON 

TPiE 30th day of September, 1903, and the 30th day of Sep¬ 
tember, 1904, RESPECTIVELY. 

Section 74. To the Board of Commissioners hereby authorized to be 
appointed by the Governor on behalf of the State of Maryland to the 
St. Louis Exposition, the sum of $25,000, or so much thereof as may 
be necessary. 

Approved April 11, 1902. 

ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND OF THE 
SESSION OF 1904, CHAPTER 56 

An Act to appropriate the sum of forty thousand dollars for the 
USE OF THE Commissioners appointed by tile Governor, under 
the authority conferred upon him by the Act of 1902, to 
represent the State of Maryland at the St. Louis Louisiana 
P uRCLiASE Exposition, to be held at St. Louis, Missouri, in the 
YEAR ’1904. 

Whereas, It is of great importance to this State and the credit of its 
citizens that it should be properly represented at the St. Louis Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, to be held in the City of St. Louis, Missouri, in 
1904; and, 

Whereas, The Commissioners appointed by the Governor to represent 
this State at said Exposition have given a great deal of time and atten¬ 
tion to the duties devolving upon them, and find that the sum of twenty- 
five thousand dollars appropriated by the Legislature in 1902 will be 
totally inadequate to enable them to secure a proper display of the 
varied interests and industries of this State, believing as they do that 


6 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

it is of great importance that the natural resources, industrial develop¬ 
ment, agricultural interests, and general progress of the State of Mary¬ 
land should be creditably displayed to the world at said Exposition, and 
that the commercial and business interests of the State can be greatly 
benefited by a larger appropriation for the purpose of having the State 
properly represented at said Exposition; and, 

'Whereas, Apart from the benefit that will inure to this State from 
a proper representation at said Exposition, a pardonable State pride is 
another reason why this State, occupying as it does such a conspicuous 
position in the galaxy of Southern States, should he prominently in 
evidence at St. Louis so as to contribute her share toward making the 
proposed Exposition a success; now, therefore, 

Section 1. Be it enacted hy the General Assembly of Maryland, 
That the sum of forty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be 
necessary for said Commission, is hereby appropriated, and the Comp¬ 
troller of the State is hereby authorized and directed to draw his warrant 
on the Treasurer of this State for the payment of said requisitions to 
the extent of this appropriation, as may from time to time be made 
upon him by the said Commissioners, the said requisitions to be signed 
by the chairman of the said Commission and countersigned by their 
treasurer, to be accompanied by an estimate of the expenses to which 
the money so drawn is to be applied. 

Section 2. And be it enacted. That this Act shall take effect from 
the date of its passage. 

Approved March 9, 190 >i. 



Photographed by Blessing and Fenge 

HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN WALTER SMITH 
Governor of Maryland, 1900-1904 


MARYLAND COMMISSION AT THE LOUISIANA 
PURCHASE EXPOSITION 

OFFICERS 

Chairman, L. YICTOl? BAUGIIMAX, Fkkdeuick CYunty. 

Vice-Chairman, FILWIv X. HOEX, Baltimore City. 

Treasurer, FBEDEBICK P. 8TIEFF, Baltimohe City. 

Secretary, SA’BUEL K. DEXXIS, Worcester County. 

COMMISSIONERS 

MBS. MABIE A. FISHER, Baltimore City. 

MRS. FRAXCES E. LORI), Baltimore City. 

L. VICTOR BALC4HMAX, Frederick County. 
FRAXCIS E. WATERS, Baltimore City. 

WILLIA]\r A. MARBURG, Baltimore City. 

FRAXKLIX P. CATOR, Baltimore City. 

HEXRY J. McGRATH, Baltimore City. 

AVILLIAM II. GRAFFLIX, Baltimore City. 

*WESLEA" M. OLER, Baltimore City. 

THO:\rAS H. ROBIXSOX, Harford County. 

' JACOB M. PEARCE, Baltimore County. 

ORLAXUO HARRISOX, Worcester County. 
FREDERICK P. STIEFF, Baltimore City. 

FRAXK X. HOEX, Baltimore City. 


* Removed to New York City. 



Photograph by Bachrach Bros. 

GENERAL LLOYD L. JACKSON 
President Merchants and Manufacturers’ Association 


LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL TO THE GENERAL 
ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND 

On behalf of the Maryland Commission to the Louisiana Pnrcliase 
Exposition held to commemorate the purchase from France of the vast 
Louisiana Territory in the City of St. Louis, Missouri, April 30 to De¬ 
cember 1, 190-1, I have the honor to transmit herewith a report and 
statement of the work and financial disbursements of the Commission. 
This report may be criticised as partaking too much of the character¬ 
istics of a personal narrative and as being too long; but the very necessi¬ 
ties of the case require that it deal almost exclusively with affairs of 
which your Commissioners are a part, and it is onr duty to acquaint your 
Honorable Body fully and frankly with every detail of onr work. 

It is a source of satisfaction to the members of the Commission and 
a matter of congratulation, we trust, to the people of the State, that the 
number of exhibits made by the State was greater than at any previous 
Exposition or WorkTs Fair, and what is of more importance, the exhibits 
were of a better class and of higher character. This report must deal, 
however, only with work done under the control of the State, and while 
it is gratifying to know of the success of private exhibitors, it is inappro¬ 
priate to treat it here. 

Notwithstanding the expense attendant upon the construction, fur¬ 
nishing, and maintenance of a State Building, the collection, installation, 
and maintenance of two separate exhibits of the size and character of 
the Geological and the Agricultural Exhibits, and participation in the 
official and State days of the Exposition, the Commission will return to 
the State Treasury an unexpended balance out of the total $65,000 State 
appropriation of about $1400.00. 

Eespectfully submitted, 

L. YICTOE BAUGHMAN, 

President Maryland Commission. 

Baltimore, Maryland, December 30, 1905. 


CHAPTER I. 

The Beginning of Maryland’s Exhibit. 

It is hard to point out the time Avhen, or with whom, the idea of organ¬ 
izing an exhibit from Maryland first originated. The first step toivard 
the accomplishment of that result was taken by General L. Victor 
Baughman, who visited St. Louis during the early part of the year 1902, 
and became thoroughly impressed with the necessity of Maryland being 
properly represented at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and con¬ 
vinced of the success of the Exposition and the courage, enterprise, and 
judgment of those in charge of the great Pair. Former residents of the 
State of Marylaml, now living in the State of Missouri, as well as all the 
Exposition authorities, were most anxious that Maryland take an official 
part in the Exposition, as nearly every other State in the Union had 
agreed to do. 

It was soon recognized that the people of onr State as a whole were 
not fully acquainted with the grandeur and importance of the Exposition 
and the beneficial results to be had by advertising the State and her 
resources there. With a view to bringing the matter forcibly to the 
attention of the people and especially the business organizations, trades 
bodies, and the General Assembly of the State, General Baughman 
arranged with a number of former Marylanders to visit the State and 
appear before the General Assembly, then in session, in the interests of 
an exhibit from Maryland. 

The following extracts taken from one of the Baltimore daily papers of 
February 18 and February 19 respectively of the year 1902 contain the 
first public notice of the movement, and also show that the commercial 
organizations of Baltimore, especially the Merchants and Manufacturers’ 
Association, the Board of Trade, and the Old Town IMerchants and 
Manufacturers’ Association, with characteristic foresight and good judg¬ 
ment early recognized the opportunities for the advancement of the trade 


12 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

of the State offered by tlie Exposition, and gave the movement earnest, 
enthusiastic, and most efficient support. It is also worthy of note in 
passing that none of these organizations, nor any of their members, 
asked or received any financial assistance from the State in making ex¬ 
hibits, bnt nevertheless the Commission is under lasting obligations to 
them for the cordial and consistent support at all times accorded to it. 

The extracts above referred to are as follows: 

“ Eebrnary 18. With nnadnlterated Maryland hospitality the St. Louis 
delegates who are here to advocate the representation of the State at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition in that city next year were entertained 
yesterday afternoon at the Merchants’ Club by a number of Baltimore’s 
prominent business men, including the presidents of the Board of Trade, 
the Chamber of Commerce, and the ]\Ierchants and Manufacturers’ Asso¬ 
ciation. Mayor Hayes and Senator-elect Gronnan were also there, and 
both declared themselves in earnest sympathy with the mission of the 
Committee from St. Louis. Other prominent personages spoke in a 
similar strain and it is proposed to have a large party accompany the St. 
Louisians to Annapolis to-day to advocate their cause before the General 
Assembly. 

All the visitors were formerly residents of Maryland. They are 
iMessrs. iMurray Carleton, of Allegany County, now president of the St. 
Louis Transit Company; Mr. William H. Thomson, of Frederick, Md., 
now cashier of the Boatmen’s Bank of St. Louis; Mr. P. L. Eidgely. 
formerly of Baltimore, now a member of the St. Louis Park Commis¬ 
sion; i\Ir. C. L. Hilleary of Frederick County, now assistant general pas¬ 
senger agent of the Big Four Eailroad; iMr. F. J. McMaster, formerly 
of Worcester County, now a leading lawyer in St. Louis; and Mr. Leon¬ 
ard Matthews, formerly of Baltimore, now a capitalist in St. Louis. 

After a delightful luncheon short speeches explanatory of the visit 
of the Westerners and expressive of the sentiment ivliich prevails here 
udth regard to the matter were made liy Gen. Idoyd L. Jackson, Mayor 
Hayes, Senator-elect Gorman, Mr. Carleton, i\[r. McMaster, Gen. L. 
Victor Baughman, i\Ir. Win. H. Thomson, Gen. Felix Agnus, and Mr. 
F. L. Eidgely. 



Photograph by llgenfritz 

J. GEORGE GEHRING, JR. 

President Old Town Merchants and Manufacturers’ Association 


14 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Mr. Carleton said; ^ The St. Louis Exposition will cost $30,000,000 

and will occupy 1200 acres. The Paris Exposition occupied 336 acres. 
I say to you gentlemen who control the business and financial interests 
of Baltimore that as a business proposition you cannot afford to let this 
opportunity pass without Maryland being properly represented at the 
Exposition. Your manufactures, according to the census, amount to 
$242,000,000. “Why not make the figure $442,000,000 in the next 
decade ? ’ 

“ A telegram was received from Ex-Governor D. E. Francis, president 
of the Exposition, expressing regret that it was impossible for him to be 
here, was read. Among those present at the luncheon and meeting were: 

" Messrs. Blanchard Eandall, president of the Board of Trade; Lloyd 
L. Jackson, president of the Merchants and Manufacturers’ Association; 
C. C. Macgill, president of the Chamber of Commerce; H. A. Parr, E. 
Stanley Gary, Wesley M. Oler, State Treasurer ]\Iurray A^andiver, J. 
Hillen Jenkins, Ex-Mayor E. C. Latrobe, Major Fred. Brackett, State 
Senator Johnzie Beasman, E. M. Sutton, G. W. Knapp, Summerfield 
Baldwin, Edwin \Varfield, Col. Seymour Mandelbaum, Herman Stump, 
Eobert Taylor, Eobert Eamsay, Lawrence B. Kemp, Daniel E. Conklin, 
Clarence PI. Forrest, J. Marian Ebberts, Joseph E. Foard, H. Crawford 
Black, W. H. Matthai, Kelson Perin, Charles Goldsborough, Andrew D. 
Jones, Washington Bowie, and George A. Amn Lingen. 

“ Last evening the visitors were entertained at the theater. This 
morning they all go to Annapolis on a special car leaving Camden Sta¬ 
tion at 8.55 o’clock and returning from there at 3.10 p. m.” 

February 19, 1902: “ The St. Louis delegates who have come to 

Alaryland to urge the Legislature to provide a suitable exhibit for this 
State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition next year appeared with a 
representative committee of Alarylanders before the Legislature in the 
House of Delegates this morning and presented their ease. 

“ The House was crowded and the speeches, which were brief and few 
in number, were listened to attentively. The delegation did not name 
the specific amount which they want the Legislature to appropriate, but 


IMakyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


15 


it was indicated that it should not be less than $100,000. A bill was 
subsequently introduced in the Senate appropriating this amount. 

After the hearing the entire delegation lunched at the Executive 
Mansion with Governor Smith and left Annapolis on the 3 o’clock train. 

“The hearing was opened by Gen. L. L. Jackson, who stated the 
object of the visit of the delegation and urged the General Assembly to 
listen to the case of the visitors with liberal and broad minds. He said 
the growth of St. Louis had been largely due to Maryland men and 
added that every dollar spent by the State at the St. Louis Exposition 
would he returned threefold. In concluding he introduced Mr. Murray 
Carleton. 

“ Mr. Carleton said in part: 

“ ‘ We come as the representatives of the greatest international expo¬ 
sition the world has ever known to extend an invitation to your great 
State to participate. We want a building to mark the spot set aside for 
Maryland on the great Fair grounds. We want the Maryland Exhibit 
to be among the most conspicuous in the galaxy of this great sisterhood 
of States; we want an outpouring of Maryland’s patriotic sons and 
beautiful daughters to swell the pageant of our national greatness. 

“ ‘ You have been richly endowed by nature, and by your industry and 
perseverance you have advanced to a position of great magnitude in the 
commercial development of the Union, and you owe a duty to yourselves, 
to your constituents, and to your country to show the enlightened nations 
what you have accomplished. 

“ I said a moment ago that this will be the greatest Exposition the 
world has ever seen. I repeat it with the addition that this great enter¬ 
prise, projected on a plan and scope that will make it nearly twice as 
big (and I use the word big in its most comprehensive sense) as any 
previous international exposition. 

“ ^ The Legislature should make an* appropriation sufficiently liberal to 
admit of a creditable and comprehensive exhibit of her resources. A^our 
exhibit should be a most splendid affair, and in doing this you will not 
only aid in the development of the material resources of the State, but 
you will uphold the hands of the National Government, in bringing 


IG 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


forcibly to the notice of the nations of tlie earth the unrivaled precedence 
of America as a financial, commercial, and manufacturing peopled 

“ Congressman Joy was the second speaker. He said IMissouri was 
really a Southern State and Maryland would have a far better chance in 
St. Louis than at Chicago. He urged upon the General Assembly to 
give to Maryland an exhibit in St. Louis of which the whole State would 
be proud. He did not see, he said, how a fair showing could be made on 
less than $100,000. 

“ General Jackson thanked the Senators and Delegates for the cour¬ 
teous hearing accorded, and asked favorahle consideration of the bill 
to be introduced. 

“ The bill which was introduced in the Senate by Senator Bryan, pro¬ 
vides for an appropriation of $100,000 and for a commission of ten, to be 
styled the St. Louis Louisiana Purchase Commission, of which the 
Governor is to be chairman ex-officio. This commission is to have 
charge of all moneys appropriated for the Exposition and arrange for 
and carry into effect all necessary means for the proper and fitting rep¬ 
resentation of Maiwland at St. Louis in 1903, with full authority and 
power to expend the money appropriated, so as to produce the best pos¬ 
sible results to this State. 

“ The St. Louis delegation was composed of Messrs. William H. 
Thomson, C. L. Hillear}^, E. J. MclMaster, Congressman Charles F. Joy, 
Leonard Matthews, Murray Carleton, and F. L. Eidgely. 

The Marylanders acting as a committee of escort to Annapolis in¬ 
cluded General L. L. Jackson, General L. Victor Baughman, Messrs. 
Charles C. MacGill, E. Stanley Gary, Lawrence B. Kemp, General 
Thomas S. Mumfonl, Andrew D. Jones, Eobert Taylor, J. Hillen 
Jenkins, Col. Charles Goldsborough, IMajor Frederick W. Brackett, Clar¬ 
ence H. Forrest, W. H. Matthai, and James E. Ingram, Jr.^^ 

The bill referred to in the last article and introduced by Senator 
Olin Bryan of Baltimore City appropriating $100,000 for a Maryland 
Exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition met with determined oppo¬ 
sition in the State Senate, hut eventually passed that body and was sent 
to the House of Delegates, where it was referred to the Ways and Means 



Photograph by Perkins 


CHARLES C. MACGILL 
President Chamber of Commerce 



18 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Committee, and finally brought out with an unfavorable report by that 
committee, which was composed of Messrs. Eogers of Howard County, 
chairman; Campbell, Linthicnm, Dirickson, Mattingly, Eogers of Balti¬ 
more County, Sellman, Dryden, and Fontz. Mr. Wm. F. Broening of 
Baltimore City endeavored to save the life of the measure in the House 
by moving that the bill be substituted for the unfavorable report, but his 
motion was defeated by a vote of eighty-five to five, and the bill, as well 
as the hopes of those who deemed it wise and expedient for the State 
to take her proper place along with the other progressive States of the 
Union and foreign nations, seemed to be effectually killed. 

However, a number of the prominent business men of Baltimore while 
disappointed were not disheartened, and the fight was not abandoned as 
the following extract taken from the Baltimore Sun of March 12, 1902, 
shows: 

K delegation of Baltimore business men including Clarence H. For¬ 
rest, Secretary of the Merchants and Manufacturers’ Association, Mr. 
Charles Goldsborough, Mr. Frank H. Hoen, and others asked the com¬ 
mittees for an appropriation for Maryland Day at the Charleston Fair 
and for $50,000 for the St. Louis Fair. Mr. Hoen said that in the 
enthusiam following the visit of the St. Louis committee a bill for 
$100,000 had been introduced. The bill had been defeated and it is now 
believed that the State can be properly represented for $50,000 and that 
sum is asked.” 

The apjiropriation of $50,000, which was finally incorporated in the 
General Appropriation Bill was bitterly fought by the same people who 
assisted in killing the first bill introduced by Senator Bryan making an 
appropriation of $100,000 for the Exposition, and the amount was re¬ 
duced to $40,000 and finally that sum was cut down to $25,000 in the 
House of Delegates. After a prolonged and determined fight the General 
Appropriation bill was finally passed on March 27, 1902, carr 3 dng an ap¬ 
propriation of $25,000 to the St. Louis Commissioners, hereafter to 
be appointed by the Governor.” 

The Act of the General Assembly of 1902 appropriating $25,000 was 
never regarded by the interests advocating an appropriate and proper 



BLANCHARD RANDALL 
President Board of Trade 



20 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

exhibit as conclusive or satisfactory; and during the next two years the 
campaign for a supplemental appropriation was never abandoned. Your 
Commissioners found an additional incentive to press the matter in the 
views expressed by the farmers of the State, particularly at a meeting 
of the Farmers’ Clubs, held at the Maryland A,gricultural College in May, 
1903, and at the Carrollton Hotel on September 2, 1903, that $60,000 
would be required for an agricultural exhibit alone; as the following news¬ 
paper report of the latter meeting shows: 

A determination to go before the next Legislature and ask for an ap¬ 
propriation of $60,000 in addition to the $25,000 already allowed for an 
exhibit of the agricultural interests of Maryland at the St. Louis World’s 
Pair was arrived at yesterday at a meeting at the Carrollton Hotel of a 
number of leading men from the different counties. The meeting pre¬ 
ceded one in the interests of good roads and nearly all who attended 
that gathering were present and urged the request for more money to 
show off Maryland’s resources in the way of farming at the Exposition. 

About a year ago there was a gathering of farmers at the Maryland 
Agricultural College to discuss the project, and the date for yesterday’s 
meeting was then set. Mr. Samuel M. Shoemaker, wTo presided at the 
roads meeting, was chairman, and ]\Ir. Weems was secretary of the 
first meeting. 

“ Those who have been studying the needs of the exhibit stated they 
had concluded that immense good would be done the State if the showing 
made would equal that made in the mining exhibit at Buffalo, and after 
a careful figuring it was found that $60,000 was the amount needed.” 

The Old Town Merchants and Manufacturers’ Association endorsed 
the supplemental appropriation by the following resolution: 

The following preamble and resolutions were adopted by the Board 
of Grovernors of the Old Town Merchants and Manufacturers’ Associa¬ 
tion at a special meeting held Wednesday, January 27, 1904: 

" Whereas, The Louisiana Purchase Exposition which is to be held in 
the City of St. Louis, May to November of this year, is expected to be the 
greatest and most complete exhibition the world has ever seen of the 
wonderful resources of the United States and foreign countries, and which 



Photograph by Bachrach 


COL. WILLIAM H. LOVE 
Secretary Board of Trade 




22 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

will demonstrate the extraordinary progi’ess that has been made in the 
Arts and Sciences; Manufactures, Agricultural and other interests of 
the world, and 

Whereas, With few exceptions the various States and Territories 
have made ample arrangements for line State Buildings (which become 
headquarters for their citizens while at the Exposition) and where ex¬ 
cellent exhibits of their resources will be displayed, and 

Whereas, The State of Maryland, which has always occupied a promi¬ 
nent and important part in the history of our country and which has 
such great commercial, manufacturing, agricultural and mining inter¬ 
ests; and which occupies such a commanding location on the Atlantic 
Seaboard, should be properly represented at the said Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, therefore be it 

Eesolved, That the Board of Governors of the Old Town Merchants 
and Manufacturers’ Association respectfully petition the General Assem¬ 
bly of Maryland to pass the measure now pending before it to appropriate 
not less than sixty thousand dollars, so that the Maindand Commissioners 
to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition may be enabled to erect a suitable 
building and arrange such an exhibit of our resources as shall be a 
credit to our grand old State. 

“ Eesolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the 
members of the General Assembly and that the President -appoint a 
special committee to co-operate with the IMaryland Commissioners to said 
Exposition in their efforts to secure said appropriation. 

J. Geo Gehring, Jr., President. 

John W. Marshall, Secretary.” 

On February 1, 1904, the Board of Trade of Baltimore adopted resolu¬ 
tions urging the Legislature to make an additional appropriation for a 
State Building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. A committee 
was appointed to join similar committees from other business organiza¬ 
tions to ask the House and Senate for the appropriation. 

The Committee consisted of Messrs. C. C. Ifacgill, Franklin P. Cator, 
Daniel C. Ammidon, Ernest Knabe, Samuel Eccles, Jr., and Col. William 
H. Love. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


23 


The visit of the committee and others to Annapolis in behalf of the 
appropriation can be best described by reproducing the impartial news¬ 
paper report thereof. 

“Annapolis, Feh. 2, 190Jf .—General L. Victor Baughman and the 
other members of the St. Louis Exposition Commission of Maryland, with 
a large delegation of representative citizens, came to Annapolis this 
morning, and after the session of the Legislature, appeared before the 
Ways and Means Committee of the House and the Finance Committee 
of the Senate, advocating the immediate passage of the bill already in¬ 
troduced, appropriating an additional $60,000, in order that Maryland 
may be fittingly represented at the Exposition. 

“ The delegation assembled in the hall of the House of Delegates and 
General Baughman made an eloquent appeal to the members of the two 
committees. He recited the fact that the last Legislature had apprO' 
priated $25,000, but that the Commission, after diligently and zealouslji 
working, had come to say that it was impossible to meet the requirements 
or to enable the state to make any showing at all that would not be 
humiliating to the pride of every citizen, with the money at hand. He 
said that Maryland must, if represented at all, compete with other 
States in the Union whose Legislatures had appropriated on the average 
of $100,000 for their exhibits. He said that unless this bill is passed 
at once it would be useless for the Commission to continue its efforts to 
reflect credit upon the State by its building and exhibits at the Fair, 
and he asked that some way be found by the Legislature for suspending 
its rules and making appropriation immediately. 

“ The site secured by the Maryland Commission, General Baughman 
declared, was one of the choice ones of the whole Exposition, and if 
granted this additional appropriation the Commission proposed to erect 
upon this site a duplicate of the State Building at the Charleston Exhibi¬ 
tion, which he thought would gratify every true Marylander and reflect 
credit upon the State. 


24 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Magnitude of the Exposition. 

“ ‘ My agriciiltiiral friends/ General Baughman said, ^ will appreciate 
the wonderful magnitude of tliis great undertaking when I inform them 
that the area of the St. Louis Fair is 1240 acres. Chicago’s great fair 
comprised 643 acres. The space under roof is 128 acres. Chicago had 
hut 82. The appropriation by the States and Territories at St. Louis 
amounts already to $6,749,986, with the assurances of $8,000,000 more. 
Chicago had in all but $5,400,000. 

^ The foreign buildings and other gardens occupy three times the space 
for like purposes at Chica,go. There will be thirty-seven independent 
foreign governments and sixteen colonial governments which have already 
made appropriations of $7,017,250. Independent of these, several Euro¬ 
pean cities have separate exhibits, including Paris and Berlin. 

^ St. Louis has subscribed $5,000,000; the State of Missouri has sub¬ 
scribed $5,000,000; the Congress of the United States has appropriated 
$5,000,000 and General Francis, with the committee of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, is now in Washington asking for an additional ap¬ 
propriation of $5,000,000 to complete this wonderful exposition. 

“ ‘ Already forty-two buildings of States and Territories and posses¬ 
sions of the United States are in course of erection. There are over 
thirty foreign buildings, including pavilions of all the principal coun¬ 
tries of the world.’ 


Others Urging The Bill. 

“ Others who urged the appropriation: were Messrs. Jacob W. Hook of 
the Old Town Merchants and Manufacturers’ Association; Charles C. 
Macgill of the Board of Trade; Eeuhen Poster of the Merchants and 
Manufacturers’ Association, and Samuel M. Shoemaker representing the 
agricultural interests. All these gentlemen argued that the Legislature 
should lose no time in making this appropriation and declared that with¬ 
out it Maryland could not be properly represented at the Fair. 

Members of the Commission present were General L. Victor Baugh¬ 
man, Jacob M. Pearce, General Francis E. Waters, Henry J. McGrath, 



CLARENCE H. FORREST 

Secretary Merchants and Manufacturers’ Association 


26 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Frederick P. Stieff, Frank N. FToen and Mrs. Parks Fisher. Others 
in the delegation were Messrs. IST. Winslow Williams, D. C. Ammidon, 
Franklin P. Gator, Colonel William H. Love, General Lloyd L. Jackson, 
Clarence H. Forrest, General J. McKenny White, Frederick H. Gottlieb, 
J. Albert Hughes, E. Tv. Pattison, Eobert L. Ehodes, Thomas C. End- 
dell, Charles Sutton, William T. Lyons, J. Hough Cottman, Dr. W. H. 
DeCourcey of Queen Anne’s County and John G. Gehring, Jr. 

To Increase Maryland’s Fame. 

“ The bill which the Commission and Delegation is urging is strongly 
indorsed by the agricultural interests of the State and Farmers’ Clubs 
and more than twenty counties have recommended its immediate passage, 
inasmuch as the Commission has declared its purpose of making the 
agricultural exhibit from Maryland one of the chief features of the 
display from this State. Already, General Baughman told the commit¬ 
tee, $5000 had been set apart for this feature, and when completed it 
will be a revelation to the citizens of this as well as other States. Earnest 
appeals were made by different members of the Delegation to the Com¬ 
mittee members and so far as has appeared, there is no opposition to the 
bill which is strongly indorsed by practically all of the trade organiza¬ 
tions in Baltimore. 

“ The Delegation came to Annapolis in a special car, and returned this 
afternoon convinced that the bill will be passed. Senator Eobinson, 
chairman of the Finance Committee, is a member of the Commission. 

In order to erect the Maryland building in time for the opening of 
the Fair it is necessary to have the additional appropriation at once. 
September 12 has been set apart, it was stated, as Maryland Day at the 
Fair and it is the intention of the Commission to make the day a 
memorable one. If they are enabled to carry out their plans. General 
Baughman stated, the showing made by Maryland at the Exposition will 
be second to no other State.” 

While the bill making the supplemental appropriation was being con¬ 
sidered in the Senate the people of the State were appalled by the terri¬ 
ble Baltimore fire of February 'f-S, 1904. 


]\[akyland at the Louisiaxa Puechase Exposition 


•27 


For a time the thoughts of the members of the G-eneral Assembly were 
engrossed in devising measures of relief for the City, which properly had 
the right of way over all other legislation. Apparently the supplemental 
appropriation bill had received its death blow, and it seemed an impossible 
task to bring the public or a majority of the G-eneral Assembly to a 
realization of the opportunity to show to the world, and especially our 
competing sister states and cities, that while unfortunate we were not 
discouraged, nor at the end of our resources, public or private, by going 
right on with our exhibit at the Exposition. The very fact of our having 
any exhibit, and particularly a creditable one, after such a public disaster, 
would bring us more prominence than a much more elaborate exhibit 
organized under normal conditions, and would reflect more credit on the 
courage and enterprise of our people. 

After much labor and many trials and discouragements too tedious to 
mention, this view at length prevailed; and largely through the efforts 
of Senator Eobinson, Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate, 
and Hon. E. E. Goslin, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of 
the House, a bill carrying an appropriation of $40,000, after many vicis¬ 
situdes was finally passed and was promptly approved by the Governor on 
the 9th day of March, 1904. 


CHAPTEE II. 


Organization of the Comaiission. 

Eo guide was furnished the Governor^ nor was any limitation or direc¬ 
tion of any kind laid upon him, in the Act of 1902 making the appro¬ 
priation of $25,000 as to the number or qualifications of the Commis¬ 
sioners to be appointed by him. ISTeither did the Act prescribe the 
duties, powers, or tenure of office of the Commissioners themselves. 

His Excellency, Hon. John Walter Smith, the then Governor, therefore 
in the exercise of his own discretion as to the number of Commissioners 
and their qualifications, on the 25th of Eebruary, 1903, appointed the 
following gentlemen as Commissioners on the part of the State of Mary¬ 
land to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition : 

General L. Victor Baughman of Frederick Countjq Mr. John E. Hursf, 
General Erancis E. Waters, Mr. William A. Marburg, Mr. William H. 
Grafilin, Mr. Wesley M. Oler, Mr. Martin Wagner, Mr. Frederick P. 
Stiefi and Mr. Frank IST. Hoen, all of Baltimore City, Hon. Thomas 
H. Eobinson of Harford County, Mr. Jacob M. Pearce of Baltimore 
County, and Mr. Orlando Harrison of Worcester County. On December 
18, 1903, Governor Smith appointed two ladies, Mrs. Marie A. Fisher and 
Mrs. Frances E. Lord, both of Baltimore City, as additional members 
of the Commission. 

The Commissioners appointed by His Excellency, Governor Smith, all 
qualified, and held their first meeting in the rooms of the Merchants 
and Manufacturers’ Association in Baltimore City. The Commission 
organized by electing as officers. General L. Victor Baughman of Frede¬ 
rick County, Chairman, Mr. John E. Hurst of Baltimore City, Vice- 
Chairman; Mr. Frederick P. Stieff of Baltimore City, Treasurer; and 
Mr. Samuel K. Dennis of Worcester County, Secretary. 

All subsequent meetings were held at the office of the State Board of 
Public Works in the Merchants’ Bank Building, Baltimore, until that 



Photograph by Otto Sarony Co. 

GEN. L. VICTOR BAUGHMAN 
Chairman Maryland Commission 


30 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

building, along with many of the books and records of this Commission 
was destroyed in the great fire of February 7-8, 1904. Afterward, 
through the courtesy of General Francis E. Waters, a member of the 
Commission, the meetings were held in his offices in the Builders’ Ex¬ 
change Building. 

Your Commissioners were shocked and grieved by the death of the 
Vice-Chairman, Mr. John E. Hurst, which occurred on the 6th day of 
January, 1904, and came almost without warning to us, as his end Avas 
preceded by a very short illness and it was not generally knoAvn that his 
condition was serious. 

Your Commissioners Avere previously called upon to mourn the loss 
of an associate in the death of Mr. Martin Wagner, who expired on the 
28th day of December, 1903. 

The memory of these two well known men is so fresh in the minds of 
the public as to make it superfluous for your Commissioners to advert 
to their noble, useful lives, nor could aa^c hope to succeed in paying any 
just and adequate tribute to those extraordinar}^ qualities of character and 
heart that endeared them to us. 

The places thus made vacant on the Commission Avere filled by the 
appointment of Mr. Henry J. McGrath of Baltimore City on the 6th of 
January, 1904, by His Excellency Governor John Walter Smith, and by 
the appointment of Mr. Franklin P. Cator of Baltimore City on the 2d 
day of February, 1904, by His Excellency, Governor EdAvin Warfield : 
klr. Frank N. Hoen was elected AGce-Chairman of the Commission in 
the stead of Mr. John E. Hurst. 



Photograph by Bachrach Bros. 


FRANK N. HOEN 

Vice-Chairman Maryland Commission 



CIIAPTEE III. 

The Gexekal Pj.ax of the Maryland Commission. 

The Commissioners organized at the first meeting, and found an availa¬ 
ble approiiriation of $25,000, and a large field to be covered. The great 
danger lay in trying to attempt too much and thereby fritter away the 
State appropriation without accomplishing anything worthy of the State 
or the Exposition. It Avas manifestly impossible to aid all the industries 
of the State in making exhibits at the Exposition, and it Avould have been 
invidious for your Commission to elect to aid some and refuse to aid 
others, since all could justly urge an equal right to assistance. Your 
Commissioners Avere ambitious to do Avell all they might undertake, but 
the danger of undertaking too much, and the inevitable and consequent 
failure was always in mind. We Avere fortunate in having as a guide the 
experience acquired at the Chicago, Buffalo, and Charleston Expositions, 
and the advice of those Aidio managed the Maryland Exhibits at those three 
great Fairs. 

It was early and fully realized by your Commissioners that the St. 
Louis Exposition, the greatest of all Expositions, should, and like its 
predecessors, could, be properly used as a vehicle for the purpose of 
couA'eying accurate information regarding our State, her climate, her soil, 
her mineral Avealth, and her commercial and social advantages and 
importance to the people of the Avorld. The principal value of a great 
exposition lies in the fact that it is a superb adA^ertising medium. Your 
Commissioners also learned from the experience gained at Chicago and 
Charleston, Avhere the State maintained comfortable and creditable State 
buildings which ministered much to the comfort and convenience of 
thousands of Marylanders AAdio visited those two Expositions, that a 
modest though comfortable and tastefid State building Avas a prime 
necessity. 

The disadvantages and resultant inconA^enience of not having a State 


Photograph by Ashman 


FREDERICK P. STIEFF 
Treasurer Maryland Commission 


34 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


building- was borne upon your Commission by privations imposed upon 
our own people at the superb Buffalo Ex^iosition, where our State Avas 
most creditably represented by Exhibits and the number of visitors, but 
was Avithout any building a Marylander could call liis own. 

It Avas therefore early determined by your Commissioners to center 
their efforts especially on the exploitation of the mineral and agricultural 
products of Maryland, the two basic natural resources from Avhich are 
drawn the supply of wealth and prosperity of the State, and t\YO fields in 
which Maryland stands easily among the foremost; then if possible pro¬ 
vide a home for Mar 3 danders and others at the Fair. Your Commission 
felt that if Maryland’s mineral and agricultural advantages could be 
properly set before the people of the AAmrld at the Exposition, that brains 
and capital would be attracted here to an extent Avhich must make for the 
prosperity and development of every industrial and commercial branch, 
and thereby accomplish the fairest as Avell as the most thorough and far 
reaching benefit which could be had from the expenditure of the public 
moneys. 

With two deviations this original plan Avas strictly adhered to. Your 
Commissioners aided the Johns Hopkins Yurses School Exhibit by an 
appropriation of $700 and an Exhibit of plaster surgical casts for de¬ 
formed children. Neither of these exhibits were made for pecuniary gain 
but in the interests of general culture and humanity. Your Commis¬ 
sioners feel that the publicity given these exhibits and the benefits re¬ 
ceived amply compensate the public for the modest sum expended, and 
that more might have been profitably spent in the same way. The 
Johns Hopkins Nurses School Exhibit Avas in charge of Miss Hampson, 
and the surgical plaster cast Exhibit Avas in charge of Miss BaniAvell. 

It was absurd, however, with but $35,000 at our command to consider 
the possibility of making any sort of display representative of our 
mineral and agricultural riches, or in harmony with the grandeur and 
dignity of the Exposition and erect a State Building as well. Your Com¬ 
mission was consequently forced to hold all plans for a building in abey¬ 
ance until further aid Avas received from the General Assembly of 
1904; and Avas also forced to formulate an elastic scheme for the geologi- 



Photograph by Bachrach Bros. 

JOHN E. HURST 

Vice-Chairman Maryland Commission 
Died January 6, 1904 


36 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


cal and agricultural exhibits, since the original appropriation was inade¬ 
quate to meet the contingent necessary expenses of the Commission and 
the cost of the two principal exhibits. 

Mr. William L. Amoss, a practical farmer of Harford County, and 
Director of Farmers’ Institutes of the State of Maryland, was early 
placed in charge of the collection and installation of the Agricultural 
Exhibit. It was the original purpose of your Commission to have a horti¬ 
cultural exhibit as well as a distinctively agricultural exhibit. The ex¬ 
pense of the undertaking was too great, and the plan, which had pro¬ 
gressed somewhat, had to be reluctantly abandoned. However an op¬ 
portunity was afforded at the Maryland Day Celebration to show what a 
degree of perfection fruit growing has attained in Maryland. A special 
Exhibit of Maryland grown peaches, apples, and pears was made on that 
occasion. Invitations were extended to many fruit growers of the State 
to contribute fruit and some responded. The Chairs Choice, a Mary¬ 
land variety of peaches excited the most favorable comment. Many 
baskets of splendid fruit were given away to visitors and friends on Mary¬ 
land Day, and each separate peach was carefully encased in a wrapper, 
telling where it was grown. 

Dr. William Bullock Clark, State Geologist and Professor of Geology 
at the Johns Hopkins University generously and patriotically offered the 
magnificent aggregation of geological specimens collected under his 
supervision to the Commission. His offer was gratefully accepted, and 
he was also induced to assume charge of the Geological Exhibit. Ably 
assisted by Professor E. B. Mathews, also of the Johns Hopkins Univer¬ 
sity, Dr. Clark devoted himself with energy and enthusiasm for months 
to the preparation and installation of the great mineral exhibit, which 
it is conceded was the most notable and successful feature of our partici¬ 
pation in the Exposition. He asked no pay and received no reward, 
unless it be that he was rewarded by the sense of difficult duty well done, 
and the thanks of an appreciative people. 

Your Commission had assigned to it a most eligible site for a State 
building, but until the Legislature of 1904 relieved our financial em¬ 
barrassment to an extent by making an additional appropriation of 



Photograph by Bachrach Bros. 

MARTIN WAGNER 
Member Maryland Commission 
Died December 28, 1903 



38 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

$40,000 well along in the session, yonr Commission could give the Ex¬ 
position management no assurance that Marjdand would have any State 
building, and by reason of the undue delay we forfeited the right to our 
original site. As soon as the appropriation of 1904 was assured your 
Commission acted with the greatest possible expedition in having a new 
site, which proved to be a good one, assigned for our State building, 
which was next to the building of our neighboring State, West Virginia, 
and not far from the jSTew York State Building. Plans had been pre¬ 
pared for the building in anticipation of the passage of the act making the 
additional appropriation, which was approved by the Governor on March 
9, 1904, and the building, decorated, furnished and complete was dedi¬ 
cated on the eighth day of the following June. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was unique as compared to all 
other great World’s Pairs in many particulars ; but one distinctive and 
most happy characteristic in which it differed from its fore-runners was 
in the development of the social life of the Exposition. Few features of 
the Exposition contributed more to the pleasure of the visitors from our 
State than the Maryland Building, where everyone was welcome, and 
where everyone was sure to find friends. The Maryland Building was 
far more successful than your Commissioners anticipated; and the digni¬ 
fied and simple but none the less cordial hospitality at all times extended 
to Marylanders and their friends, as well as strangers from all over the 
world, won many friends from home and elsewhere. Mrs. Fisher lived 
in the Maryland Building throughout the Fair as the Commissions’ 
official hostess. Mr. Albert Jones of Carroll County, assisted part of 
the time by Mr. G. Smith Norris, of Harford Countjq was in charge of 
the Maryland State Building, and was assidious in the performance of 
the difificult duties devolving upon him. His close acquaintance with 
all departments of the Exposition, the officials in charge, the City of 
St. Louis and his general experience and unfailing courtesy fitted him 
peculiarly to he the friend and adviser of all who sopght his assistance. 
It is hard to comprehend how the building could have been dispensed 
with. It was ornamental and useful, adding materially to the charm of 
the landscape but no less to the memories of the visitors who always 
crowded its doors as if reluctant to leave its homelike shelter. 





INTERIOR MARYLAND STATE BUILDING 






























CHAPTER lY. 

The Maeyland Building. 

The Maryland State Building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
occupied the site originally allotted to the State of Colorado between the 
West Virginia and Oklahoma Buildings in the midst of a group of State 
Buildings. The contract for the construction of the Maryland Building 
was let to the lowest bidder, the firm of Broderick & Wind, Engineers 
and Contractors of St. Louis, on the 23d day of March, 1904, and the 
building was completed and accepted by the Commission on the 8th day 
of the following June. The contract price paid the builders was 
$18,000 to which must be added the cost of furniture and decorations 
as well as a few extras not included in the original specifications. 

Messrs. Ellicott and Emmart, of Baltimore, Architects, designed and 
superintended the construction of the Maryland Buildin^g. The work 
done by these gentlemen, who spared no pains or efforts, was most 
helpful to the Commission, and it is largely due to them that our build¬ 
ing, which in character of construction as well as in beauty of archi¬ 
tectural design, rivalled any building on the grounds, was successfully 
built in the record-breaking time of seventy-six days. 

The building, which was almost an exact reproduction of the Maryland 
Building at the Charleston Exposition, may be described as a Casino 
erected in a natural park in a grove of oaks and fronting on one of the 
principal highways of the Pair grounds. It was carried out in the 
Roman composite order and on a monumental scale. 

The length of the building, over all, was one hundred and forty feet 
including the semicircular end porches and its depth was about forty 
feet while the columns of the front, of which there were six, reached 
a height of twenty-five feet. The exterior was ornamented with bold and 
luxuriant detail. Immediately over the center was a well-modeled 
representation of the IMaryland arms with supporting figures a little more 



Photograph by Gets 


FRANCIS E. WATERS 
Member Maryland Commission 


42 


Makylaxd at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


than life size, and combined with this was a flag staff upon which the 
Maryland flag was displayed. 

The building was surmounted by a classic cornice and balustrade. The 
entrance loggia was flfty-flve feet long and was decorated with a brilliant 
color scheme the effect of whicli was lieightened by the snowy whiteness of 
the building itself. Passing through the loggia by one of three large 
doorways the Eeception Hall was entered. This apartment had a length 
of flfty-flve feet, a width of twenty-five and a height of twenty-eight feet. 
The building could accommodate about five hundred people, and more 
than 50,000 people visited it during the Pair. 

The ceiling was vaulted and was flanked on both sides above the cornice 
by six lunettes each six feet in diameter. These, except the central one 
opposite the entrance, were decorated witli gilt shields, palms, and flags 
gracefully grouped. The central one contained an allegorical picture 
painted for the purpose by Miss Dora L. Murdoch of Baltimore. It 
represented the genius of Maryland, a beautiful woman, receiving the 
increase of the earth from the hands of a youth on one side, and a maiden 
on the other. In the background was seen the water-front of Baltimore 
as it appeared before the great fire, with the harbor and shipping. The 
picture added ver};- much to the distinction and finish of the room. 

At the left was a room for the Commissioners and at the back a lunch 
room and pantry. Above, at this end of the building, there was a 
room for the Superintendent as well as rooms for the Janitor and his 
wife. 

The outlook from the rear being very attractive it was deemed advisa¬ 
ble to have a narrow gallery fifty feet long on this side of the building 
and this added much to the comfort of the guests. 

The south end of the building was occupied, on the ground floor, by 
a Beading Boom for magazines, newspapers, etc., and a long lounging 
room for men with toilet rooms attached. Both rooms connected with 
the south porch. Above them was a ladies’ parlor, retiring room and 
toilet. The building was appropriately and handsomely furnished. The 
building was decorated by many interesting paintings and historic relics. 



Photograph by Folk 


WILLIAM A. MARBURG 
Member Maryland Commission 


44 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

loaned to the Commission by individuals, the State Government and the 
]\Iaryland Historical Society, etc. 

By the terms of the contract for the construction of the State building 
it was to revert to the contractors at the close of the Exposition, and your 
Commission was thereby saved the expense of removing it from the Ex¬ 
position grounds. 

At the close of the Exposition the furniture in the Maryland Building 
was sold and the borrowed decorations returned to the owners. 


CHAPTEE V. 

Official Cere7nonies. 

Dedication of the Exposition. 

The dedicatory ceremonies of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition took 
place in the Liberal Arts Buildin|g, World’s Fair Grounds, on the 30th 
day of April, 1903. They were designed to commemorate the one hun¬ 
dredth anniversary of the signing of the treaty for the purchase by the 
United States from France of the Louisiana Territory by Livingston, 
IMonroe, and Marbois; and also to dedicate formally the grounds and 
palaces of the Exposition, then nearing completion, though not to he 
opened until the year after. 

The exercises were participated in by representatives from nearly all 
civilized nations, and in the presence of the President of the United 
States, the Joint Committee of Congress, the ambassadors and ministers 
of twenty-six foreign governments, and the governors and representatives 
of more than forty States and territories. 

Maryland was represented on that great occasion by His Excellency, 
Governor John Walter Smith, attended by his military staff, comprising 
General Francis E. Waters, General Charles A. Chipley, General L. 
Victor Baughman, General John B. Schwatka, General Murray Vandiver, 
Colonel George M. Upshur, Colonel Arthur D. Foster, Colonel John P. 
Moore, Colonel Arthur P. Gorman, Jr., Colonel W. Laird Henry, Colonel 
Albert W. Sisk, Colonel Eobert Taylor, Colonel John Waters, Colonel 
Israel Eosenfeld, Colonel Charles Goldsborough, and by your Commis¬ 
sioners and a number of officials and distinguished private citizens of the 
State who accompanied the Governor and your Commissioners in order 
to take part in the ceremonies. 

The dedicatory address was made by President Theodore Eoosevelt; 
the orator of the day was Ex-President Grover Cleveland; and the invoca- 


46 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


tion was by His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore. Bishop E. B. 
Hendrix, of the Southern Methodist Church, offered prayer, and Bishop 
Henry C. Potter, of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Hew York, pro¬ 
nounced the benediction. 

Our State Avas also represented at the ceremonies which extended 
through May first and second; the greeting to those taking part in the 
Exposition was delivered by Hon. David E. Francis, President of the 
Exposition, and the responses Avere by the French Ambassador, M. Jus- 
serand, and the Spanish Minister, Senor Ojeda. 

The Governor of Maryland and military staff, and your Commissioners 
were also asked to review the great civic parade on May 2 in which 
30,000 persons took part from the St. Louis Club. 

The Maryland party Avas Avarmly greeted and shown every courtesy 
by the members of the Maryland Society of Missouri. 

Dedication oe the Maryland State Building. 

The Maryland State Building was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies 
on the 8th of June, 1904, in the presence of the Governor of Missouri, 
A. M. Dockery; the President of the Exposition Company, David E. 
Francis; Mr. C. M. Eeeves, Chief of the Department of Exploitation; 
and nearly five hundred persons, most of Avhoni were Marylanders, and 
was formally turned over to the Exposition authorities. The occasion 
was one of the utmost enthusiasm and the Fair officials, many of whom 
were present, were unanimous in their verdict that no State structure 
on the grounds was dedicated more successfully than that of Maryland. 

The dedicatory ceremonies were in charge of the following directors 
of the Maryland Society of Missouri: Murray Carleton, President; 
Frank J. McMaster, First Vice-President; William H. Thomson, Second 
Vice-President; T. Garrison Morfit, Secretary; Leonard MattheAvs, 
Treasurer; E. C. Simmons, B. J. Lackland, Frank Eidgely, D. M. Hoav- 
ser, C. S. Brookings, C. L. Hilleary, Dr. Y. H. Bond, William H. Lee, 
and John F. Lee, and were held at one o’clock p. m. in the Maryland 
State Building. 



Photograph by Blessing and Fenge MILITARY STAFF GOVERNOR SMITH 




48 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

The building was lavishly decorated with flags and was fragrant 
with flowers. The black and gold colors of the State were shown on all 
sides. The occasion was graced by the presence of many foreign com¬ 
missioners and commissioners from other States. 

General L. Victor Baughman, Chairman of the Maryland Commis¬ 
sion, presented the Building to the Exposition in the following words: 

‘^As Chairman of the Maryland Commissioners it is my proud privi¬ 
lege to call this representative body of citizens together. Our meeting 
is for the purpose of accepting conditionally this beautiful structure from 
the hands of the builders and our architects. 

Some two years ago a body of representative citizens of St. Louis 
visited our State Capitol and before the Legislature of Maryland made 
known the plans then being formed to celebrate one of the most im¬ 
portant events in the annals of American history. Impressed with the 
importance of so grand an enterprise a liberal appropriation was made 
and placed in the hands of the Commissioners appointed by John Walter 
Smith, Governor of our Commonwealth. 

“ Little did we dream, however, at that time of the magnitude and 
wonder of this Exposition. The men interested with the creation of this 
celebration, imbued with true American spirit, had determined to eclipse 
all other Expositions ever held, and consequently every State in the 
Union joined hands with the Louisiana Commissioners in making this 
Exposition the wonder and admiration of the civilized world. 

“ The ]\Iaryland Commissioners were obliged to again appear before 
the Legislature of their State for an additional appropriation. Maryland 
ever ready to take her part in all great events pertaining to the welfare 
of her people and of the Union, was prepared to grant the request, but at 
that time there swept over our Monumental City one of the most de¬ 
structive conflagrations ever known in the annals of history. Where 
once stood superb banking and trust buildings, old and substantial 
stores, and massive warehouses, all were in two days a mass of smoldering 
ruins. Merchants and business men stood amid their ruins and gazed 
in awe at the frightful scene. Tears and lamentations ill become the 
men who boast of their long line of colonial and revolutionary sires, and 



Photograph by Get. 


FRANKLIN P. CATOR 
Member Maryland Commission 








50 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


while the world and sister cities were generously offering ns their aid, 
we determined as Marylanders to stand together and bear alone the terri¬ 
ble blow like the heroes of old. Our Legislature and the people of our 
State determined to show to the world that we would build up our ruined 
places and again seek and secure our share of trade by fair and honest 
competition. We turned our backs upon the smoldering ruins of build¬ 
ings, forgot that over one hundred and eight acres of magnificent struc¬ 
tures had fallen and that in two days we had suffered a loss of millions 
and millions and millions. So amid splendid palaces erected by the 
States of the Union upon these beautiful grounds we to-day turn Mary¬ 
land’s home over to the Exposition. 

“ As a matter of course we should love to refer to Maryland’s course 
at the time of the acquisition of the vast Territory embraced in the 
Louisiana Purchase. We feel we are rich indeed in the part taken by 
our people in all the events connected with the early history of the 
young Pepublic. We have been taught to honor and revere the Consti¬ 
tution of our country and fully realize the difficulties confronting the 
fathers of the Republic when the soldier and statesman of France urged 
the purchase of the vast territory lying beyond the western banks of the 
great father of rivers. 

Jefferson, who believed in a strict construction of the Constitution 
and in living up to the very letter of the law, saw the difficulty in ac¬ 
quiring foreign territory or in incorporating foreign nations in our 
Union. The same sterling provisions confront us to-clay. Again Jefferson, 
in discussing the treaty, stated: ^ I had rather ask an enlargement of 
power from the nation were it found necessary than to assume it by a 
construction which would make our power boundless. Our ^peculiarity 
is in the possession of a written constitution, let us not make it blank 
paper by construction.’ 

“ The treaty, however, was ratified, but the constitutional difficulties 
were still unsettled. The acquisition doubled the area of the country 
and secured control of all the great river systems of Uorth America. 

The Governor of our State sends his greetings to the President and 
Commissioners of the Exposition, and tlirough his Adjutant-General 



Photograph by Perkins 


ORLANDO HARRISON 
Member Maryland Commission 


52 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

begs to wish every success and prosperity to this great undertaking. In 
the absence of our Chief Executive, as Chairman of the Maryland Com¬ 
missioners, I now turn this building over to the hands of the Commis¬ 
sioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.” 

Ex-Governor David R. Francis, President of the Exposition, responded. 
It is to be regretted that because he spoke extemporaneously his speech 
cannot he reproduced in full. He said in part; 

It not only affords me pleasure to participate in this affair, but I 
feel highly honored by the privilege. There are always ties that bind 
the people of Missouri to those of ]\Iaryland.” 

He spoke of the fact that on the list of the directors of the Exposition 
were several sons of Maryland who are now making their homes in St. 
Louis. The gratification of the Exposition authorities at the appro¬ 
priation made by Maryland for the Pair, notwithstanding the critical 
situation produced by the big fire, was expressed. He declared that the 
public spirit of the people of Baltimore in not calling on Federal Govern¬ 
ment for aid at the time of the fire enabled the Exposition officials to 
secure the aid from the Government which they were at that time asking. 

Governor Francis reviewed the work of the Exposition and spoke of its 
vastness and its effect. In concluding he said: 

“ On behalf of the Exposition managers I accept this structure and 
I now deliver it to the Maryland Commission, to be used as a home for 
the citizens of that State and their friends during the time of the Exposi¬ 
tion.” 

Mr. Murray Carleton, President of the Maryland Society of Missouri, 
then spoke as follows : 

It gives me much pleasure in the name and on behalf of the Mary¬ 
land Society of Missouri to extend cordial greetings and heartfelt wel¬ 
come on this delightful occasion, which marks the dedication or setting 
apart of this beautiful building for the use of Exposition purposes. 
While years have intervened since many of us left our native State, time 
has not effaced the love we cherish for the home of other days, for the 
friendships of our youth, nor desire or interest abated to see our native 



Photograph by Perkins 


WILLIAM H. GRAFFLIN 
Member Maryland Commission 



54 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

State, now as ever, nobly making her contribution to one of the crowning 
events of a hnndred years of national history. 

The participation of Maryland in this, the greatest of national and 
international expositions, is a tribute to the patriotism, courage, and 
enterprise of the citizens of a Commonwealth whose annals are replete 
with events that have contributed largely to our national greatness. All 
the more is this true when we consider the great calamity—the disastrous 
fire—which almost destroyed the metropolis of the State, yet out of which 
issued the success and achievement which we to-day are so delighted to 
acknowledge. 

“ Therefore, with becoming pride as former Marylanders, we rejoice 
that our native State is here represented, and has a part in this universal 
Exposition, which we believe has been divinely ordained and commis¬ 
sioned to light afresh a beacon fire of truth, education, and civilization 
that shall spread from shore to shore, from continent to continent, until 
its flames shall illumine all nations of the earth, inspiring all peoples 
with holy zeal, with sacred endeavor to the earlier consummation of the 
universal peace, and the establishing of a friendly rivalry among the 
nations of the earth in the higher and yet higher development of our 
already marvelous civilization. 

Then welcome, thrice welcome, ye sons and daughters of our native 
State. Kindly express to those at home the good will, friendship, and 
affection we shall ever foster, preserve, and perpetuate through our chil¬ 
dren for Mar 3 dand, my Maryland.’’ 

The exercises were closed by a brief address from Governor Dockery of 
Missouri who delighted the crowd with his tribute to Maryland and 
Maryland men, and the warm welcome which he extended to all those 
present. The exercises closed with the singing of “ Maryland, My Mary¬ 
land.” 

After the building had been formally declared open the whole company 
was entertained at an elaborate luncheon given by the members of the 
Maryland Society of Missouri. 

On the next afternoon> (June 9), the first public reception given by 
the Maryland Commission in the new State Building was held from 4 



THOMAS H. ROBINSON 
Member Maryland Commission 



56 


Maryland at the IjOuisiana PuRCirASE Exposition 


to 6 o’clock, and was the occasion for the presence of a large nntnber 
of distinguished persons. 

The members of the IMarvland Society of ]\Iissonri with their wives, 
were present, and many visitors from other States and foreign countries 
attended. 

This occasion marked the beginning of the popidarity whicli it is 
gratifying to know distinguished the ]\'[aryland Building throughout the 
Fair. Among others present were : General and ]\Irs. Francis E. Waters, 
General and Mrs. Clinton L. Biggs, Senator and Mrs. Jolm S. Biddison, 
Col. and Mrs. Arthur D. Foster, Mrs. John Gill, Mrs. C. D. Lee, Senator 
and Mrs. David M. Devilbiss, Hon. E. E. Goslin, Hon. Janies E. Godwin, 
Mr. J. T. Hayward, ]\Ir. Joseph Y. Brattan, Mr. Frank B. Kent, Mr. 
Van Winkle, Mr. Augustus F. Trappe, Mr. A. E. Sullivan, Mr. Charles 
A. Webb, Miss Webb, ]\riss Elizabetli Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Franklin P. 
Cator, Mr. Orlando Harrison, ]\Ir. Hale Harrison, and Mr. Jacob IM. 
Pearce. 


Maryland Day, September 12, 1904. 

The most memorable and impressive, as well as the largest occasion 
of a formal nature in which our State took the leading part at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition was the Maryland Day Celebration on 
September 12, 1904, the anniversary of the battle of North Point. 

Preparations were made for the celebration by your Commissioners 
months in advance, and every detail was arranged with painstaking care. 
All the State officials, the leaders of all the prominent business organiza¬ 
tions, those prominent in advancing the a,grieultura.l interests of the State, 
many citizens prominent in the professions, in educational work, in lite¬ 
rature, art, and charitable works in our State were invited specially to 
participate in the JMaryland Day exercises. All the higher officials con¬ 
nected with the Exposition, the Commissioners from other States and 
countries, the members of the IMaryland Society of Missouri, and numbers 
of others were also specially asked to be present. The result was a 
collection of people, assembled at Maryland Day ceremonies, which in 
number, culture, and reputation was not surpassed on any similar occa¬ 


sion. 


•**» 



JACOB M, PEARCE 
Member Maryland Commiasion 


r 


58 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


On the morning- of September 13, His Excellency, Governor Warfield 
rode from his quarters at the Buckingham Club, to the Maryland Build¬ 
ing, accompanied by Secretary of State Oswald Tilghman, and the fol¬ 
lowing members of his stafi: in full-dress uniform: Adjutant-General 
Clinton L. Biggs, General Van Lear Black, General Frank H. Hamble- 
ton. General John M. T. Finney, General H. Winslow Williams, Colonel 
H. Carroll Brown, Colonel E. L. Woodside, Colonel Bichard S. Hill, 
Colonel J. Charles Macgill, Colonel Henry Holliday, Jr., Colonel Joseph 
L. Wickes, Colonel E. Austin Baughman, Colonel W. Hopper Gibson, 
Colonel John L. G. Lee, and Colonel i\L Gillett Gill. 

The Governor and ids staff were escorted by Messrs. Murray Carleton, 
T. Garrison Morfit, Tjeonard Matthews, William H. Thomson, Dr. Y. H. 
Bond, C. L. Hilleary, John E. Lee, and Francis J. McMaster of the 
Maryland Society of Missouri. 

At the parade entrance to the grounds the cavalcade was met by an 
escort of a body of United States Marines, with a band; the Philippine 
constabulary, with a band; the Jefferson Guard and the Philippine scouts 
with a band. 

Governor Warfield was met at the Maryland Building by tlie Maryland 
Commissioners, and the party was joined by President Francis and 
Governor Blanchard and staff of Louisiana, and the military parade was 
reviewed from the front of the Maryland Building. 

After the military parade which was followed by lunch served at the 
New York Building, the Governor and staff, accompanied by the Com¬ 
missioners and their guests on the occasion assembled at Festival Hall 
for the ceremonies to take place there at 3 p. m., of which the following 
was the program: 

PROGRAM, MARYLAND DAY EXERCISES. 

Festival Hall, Septembek Twelfth, 1904. 

2 P. M. 

Invocation. Rev. J. R. Winchester. 

Music, March, Tar and Tartar. Itzel. 

Introduction. Gen. L. Victor Baughman, 

Chairman of the Maryland Commission. 





Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


59 


Music, Maryland My Maryland. 

Address . His Excellency, Edwin Warfield, 

Governor of Maryland. 

Recitation, The Star-Spangled Banner . Miss Edith Ford, 

Of Baltimore. 

Music, The Star-Spangled Banner. 

Address . Hon. David R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

Music, Dixie. 

Address . Hon. Rolla Wells, 

Mayor of St. Louis. 

Music, Hail Columbia. 

Address ... General Joseph L. Brent, 

Of the Society of Colonial Wars. 

It was at Festival Hall, where a great concourse of people con¬ 
gregated to witness the official exercises, that the climax of this most 
notable occasion was reached. 

General Baughman, who presided, introduced Eev. J. E. Winchester of 
the Advent Protestant Episcopal Church, wdio made the invocation. 
Following this prayer General Baughman made an address. 

The next address was by His Excellency, Governor AVarfleld. The 
Governor in closing his speech outlined briefly the history of Francis 
Scott Key and of Defenders’ Day and prepared the audience for the 
recitation which followed of The Star-Spangled Banner ” by Miss 
Edith Ford of Baltimore. Miss EorcTs recitation aroused unbounded 
enthusiasm. 

President David E. Francis in his address paid a high tribute to onr 
State, and the courage and enterprise of our people in persisting in carry¬ 
ing out the plans for a large exhibit and State Building after the para¬ 
lyzing disaster suffered by us in the Baltimore fire. 

Hon. Eolla AVells, Mayor of St. Louis, made a short but most appro¬ 
priate address. Mayor Wells’ presence was a noteworthy tribute since it 
was the only State celebration he took part in except the Missouri Day 


exercises. 











60 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

The closing speaker was General Joseph L. Brent, of Baltimore, who 
delivered an able and scholarly address. 

The address of His Excellency, Hon. Edwin Warfield, Governor of 
Maryland, was as follows: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: 

The three greatest epochs in American history have been commemo¬ 
rated by expositions. In 1876, the end of the first century of our in¬ 
dependence was celebrated at Philadelphia in a manner that profoundly 
impressed our people and demonstrated that the United States possessed 
the spirit and the resources that were fast making her the greatest Govern¬ 
ment on the globe. 

In 1892, following the suggestion first made by the Baltimore Sun, 
the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of the Western Hemi¬ 
sphere by Columbus was signalized by the World’s Fair at Chicago. 
That Fair brought the whole world together in a grand display of its 
progress to commemorate that historic event. The growth of the North 
American Continent during those four centuries was exhibited there in a 
marvelous and instructive way. 


GREATEST PAIR OF ALL. 

“ This Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the greatest of them all, empha¬ 
sizes what has been accomplished during the hundred years that have 
elapsed since the acquisition of this vast Western domain by Thomas 
Jefferson in 1803. 

“ You, Mr. President Francis, and your associates are entitled to the 
applause and gratitude of our people for this wonderful Exposition of 
the magic growth and material development of our country, and especially 
of what the Louisiana territory has added in wealth to the United States. 

“ Your conception and execution of the plans for this Fair have resulted 
in a consummation unequaled in the annals of such enterprises. It is 
acknowledged to be the best exhibition of the world’s development that 
has ever been assembled. All honor and glory to you, sir, and your 
associates! 



Photograph by Murillo 

MRS. MARIE ANTOINETTE SCHLEY FISHER 


Member of Maryland Commission; Official Hostess Maryland State Building; 
President Hostess Association, Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


62 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Maryland’s tribute. 

“ Mandand, one of the States which favored the Treaty with Prance 
ceding Louisiana, has commanded me to lay her tribute at your feet and 
join with 3-011 to-day in praise of the statesmen whose wisdom and prompt 
action secured this splendid domain for onr common coiintr}^—Jefferson, 
Monroe, and Livingston. 

“ I am pleased to note that onr Commissioners, headed by General 
Baughman, have co-operated with yon in your work, and that our State 
is so creditably represented here under their direction. 

“ It is not my purpose to dwell upon the advantages to the people of 
such Expositions. The lessons taught by those of the past have satisfied 
us that the results flowing from such exhibtions of our material growth, 
and of our wealth and resources, are of untold benefit. 

“ On 3 ^our opening dai^ I sent 3^011 greetings from our people and prom¬ 
ised that in due course of time Maryland would be with you to add her 
voice in praise of the statesmanship which gave us this Western territory, 
that has added so much to our national greatness and glory. For that 
purpose, we, her sons and daughters, are here to-day. 

A day of days to MARYLAND. 

We have come on tin's 12 th of September, because it is one of the 
proudest and most sacred days in Maryland annals. It is the anniver¬ 
sary of the battle of ISTorth Point, the battle that turned the tide against 
the triumphant British Army, saved Baltimore from destruction, and 
virtually ended the War of 1812. It is known and celebrated by us as 
' Old Defenders’ Day,’ and has for 90 3 -ears been annually observed in 
honor of the valor of our citizen soldiers. 

The British Army, under command of General Boss, having captured 
and sacked Washington city and laid the Capitol in ashes, sailed up the 
Chesapeake Bay with their combined military and naval forces for the 
purpose of destroying Baltimore. 

ROSS KILLED ; BRITISH REPULSED. 

“ Their general. Boss, was killed by sharpshooters, and our citizen 
soldiers met the British and repulsed and defeated them. 



Photograph by Strauss 


MURRAY CARLETON 

President of the Maryland Society of Missouri 




64 Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 

PolloAving up the attack, the British vessels, on the next clay, made an 
attempt to take the city of Baltimore by bombardment from the ships. 
All night long there was fierce and constant cannonading, to which the 
defenders in Fort McHenry and from other temporary forts along the 
waterside, replied with spirit. 

WHEEE KEY COMPOSED NATIONAL ANTHEM. 

It was during this bombardment that Francis Scott Key, a son of 
Maryland, who was detained on the flagship of Admiral Cochrane, where 
he had gone under a flag of truce to procure the release of a friend, 
composed ^ The Star-Spangled Banner,’ the national anthem of our 
country. 

All during the dark hours of that night he waited and watched with 
anxiety the outcome of the battle. At one time his heart sank in him, 
as it seemed that Fort McHenry had been silenced. 

“ We can appreciate his anxiety because he realized that, if such were 
the case, the fate of Baltimore would be the fate of the Nation’s Capital. 
With eagerness he watched the dawn of day, that he might see whether 
the flag was still flying. It was during these trying moments that he 
wrote the immortal verses which have been so touchingly declaimed here 
to-day by one of our fair and gifted daughters. 

SUCCESS OF THE SONG IMMEDIATE. 

“ The lines were written in pencil on the back of an envelope whilst 
leaning on the top of a barrel on the deck of the British ship. He 
carried them with him to the city when he was released, had them 
adapted to a tune already existing, and they were sung to the public for 
the first time in the city of Baltimore. The success of this song, written 
under such stress of patriotism, was great. ^ The Star-Span,gled Ban¬ 
ner ’ has taken its place as our beloved national anthem. 

“ A noted Maryland orator, referring to this historical incident, said: 

“ ^ The Stars and Stripes themselves had streamed at the front of 
two wars before the kindling genius of a Maryland man, exercised in 



Photograph by Mesny 


HENRY J. McGRATH 
Member Maryland Commission 



66 


MaKYLAND at the LfOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION 


the white heat of battle, translated the dumb symbol of national senti¬ 
ment into a living voice, and made it the sublime and harmonious inter¬ 
preter of a nation’s progress and power.’ 

maeyland’s service to the nation. 

The people of the United States owe to the State of Maryland a 
great debt for the part she played in establishing our independence and 
the formation of the Union. 

It was her bold, determined, and unswerving stand against the rati¬ 
fication of the Articles of Confederation that resulted in the cession to 
the United States of what was then known as the Northwest territory. 

Many of the original colonies which had received charters from the 
Crown believed that there were no set boundaries at the west, and that 
their grants extended to the ‘^Western waters.’ New York, Massachu¬ 
setts, Connecticut, and Virginia were foremost in making such claims. 
Virginia, whose charter antedated all others, had the best title to the 
lands in dispute. Hence, she was tire most tenacious in her claims. 

The other States naturally felt that, as these larger States grew and 
waxed powerful, they might tyrannize over their smaller neighbors. 

this state arose to the occasion. 

‘‘ Of all these protesting States, it was Maryland alone that rose to 
the occasion and suggested an idea which at first seemed startling, but 
which became a fixed fact, from which mighty and unforeseen conse¬ 
quences afterward fiowed. 

“ The Articles of Confederation were about to be presented to the 
respective States for ratification, when the question naturally arose as 
to how the conflicting claims to these Western lands should be settled. 

“ A Marylander, Daniel Carroll, offered in Congress a resolution that 

‘ The United States, in Congress assembled, should have the sole 
and exclusive right and power to ascertain and fix the western boundary 
of such States as claimed to the Mississippi, and lay out the land so 
ascertained into separate and independent States from time to time as 
the number and circumstances of the people may require.’ 


Photograph by Strauss 


FRANCIS J. McMASTER 

Vice-President of the Maryland Society of Missouri 




68 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

To carry out this motion it was necessary for the States ciaiming 
this Western territory to surrender their claims into the hands of the 
United States, and thus create a domain which should be owned by the 
Confederation in common. 

BOLD STEP, BUT SUCCESSFUL. 

This was a bold step taken by Maryland, and was considered to 
smack somewhat of centralization of power. Maryland was the only 
State that voted for it. She stood firm, pursued her purpose resolutely, 
and was rewarded with complete success. 

“Kew York, Virginia, Connecticut, and Massachusetts finally ceded 
their title to these lands, and Maryland ratified the Confederation, hav¬ 
ing first secured as the common property of the United States all of the 
immense territory which has since been parceled out and established by 
Congress into the free and fertile States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. 
Michigan, and Wisconsin. 

Thus the Confederation was perfected, the Union preserved, and 
this great territory was saved for the benefit of the whole united people. 


LAID CORNER-STONE OF UNION. 

“ ^Maryland, by taking the stand she did and leading the way in this 
fight, laid the corner-stone of our Federal Union. 

“ The rising tide of immigration poured into this Western country, 
creating a sturdy and determined citizenship there, so that when Spain 
claimed the exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi Elver and decided 
to abrogate the privilege that had been enjoyed by these settlers to 
deposit their products at the mouth of the Mississippi Elver for exporta¬ 
tion, the cry of hot protest came from these fearless pioneers of the 
West, notifying the politicians of the UeAV World that these freemen of 
the frontiers of the nation would not tolerate the abridgment of their 
rights and would insist upon the free navigation of the Mississippi 
Eiver and their right to send their products through it to the ocean. 


Photograph by Strauss 


WILLIAM H. THOMSON 


2d Vice-President of the Maryland Society of Missouri 




70 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

WORK OE JEFFERSON AND MONROE. 

It was this vigorous protest of these new sons of the West, demand¬ 
ing prompt action by the Administration at Washington, that aroused 
President Jefferson and caused him to take steps looking to the acqui¬ 
sition of New Orleans and securing from Prance the right of deposit 
and free, uninterrupted navigation of the Mississippi Elver. 

He at once sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate—not the 
purchase of the entire Louisiana Territory, but simply to acquire New 
Orleans and the Ploridas east of the Mississippi Eiver; and, failing in 
that, then to secure the right to our citizens to own property in New 
Orleans and to deposit their products for export. 

^‘When Mr. Monroe reached Paris he found that our resident Min¬ 
ister, Mr. Livingston, had been in negotiation with the French Govern¬ 
ment for the purchase of New Orleans and the Floridas. He also found 
that Napoleon, then the First Consul, had declared his purpose of 
selling the whole of Louisiana to the United States, because of the fear 
that England would seize that territory as her first act of war. In an 
interview with Marbois, one of his Ministers, upon the subject, Napo¬ 
leon said: 

“ ^ Irresolution and deliberation are no longer in season. I renounce 
Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I cede—it is the whole 
colony, without reserve. I know the price of what I abandon. I have 
proved the importance I attach to this province, since my first diplo¬ 
matic act with Spain had the object of recovering it. I renounce it 
with the greatest regret; to attempt obstinately to retain it would be 
folly. I direct you to negotiate the affair, and have an interview this 
very day with Mr. Livingston.’ 

I will not weary you with the details of the negotiations resulting 
in the purchase of the whole of Louisiana. The price paid was 
$15,000,000, and France ceded this immense territory to the United 
States on April 30, 1803. 


Photograph 



y Strauss 


T. GARRISON MORFIT 


Secretary of the Maryland Society of Missouri 



72 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

STATES CARVED OUT OF WILDERNESS. 

What a progressive, prosperous group of States and Territories has 
been carved out of this land—Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, ISTebraska, ISlorth 
and South Dakota, parts of Kansas, Colorado, Montana, Minnesota, 
Wyoming, and Louisiana, all of the Indian Territory, and part of Okla¬ 
homa! Its area is more than seven times that of Great Britain and 
Ireland. It is larger than Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain, 
Portugal, and Italy combined, and is only one-fourth less than the area 
of the thirteen original States. 

Two of these States, Colorado and Montana, produced in one year 
$89,938,708.95 in gold, silver, copper, and lead—over five times the 
purchase price paid by the United States. 

The annual agricultural products reach a total of billions in this 
territor}", and its present population is over 13,500,000. 

THE STORY OF MARYLAND. 

We Mar}danders are proud of the history of our State, and venerate 
the deeds of onr forefathers. Therefore, I ask your indulgence whilst 
I briefly tell you the story of Maryland. She stands as the seventh in 
the original galaxy of thirteen States, because she was the seventh to 
adopt the Constitution forming the permanent Union. The very foun¬ 
dation of the colony of IMaryland was of national importance, because 
the principle of religious toleration was introduced by the founder. 
Prom the time of the landing at St. filaiVs until to-day liberty of 
conscience has been the fundamental right of every person in Maryland. 

TRUE HISTORY OF. ACT OF TOLERATION. 

“ Much has been written ujion the subject of the Act of Toleration 
of 1649. The true history may be briefly stated. Cecilius Calvert, 
being vested with extraordinary power over a great territory, determined 
to found there a free English State, where all the rights 'and liberties 
of every English freeman would be protected. To do this he divested 
himself and his heirs of the princely prerogatives granted to him by 



Photograph by Genelli 


LEONARD MATTHEWS 


Treasurer of the Maryland Society of Missouri 






74 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

his charter. He caused to be drafted at home, and then adopted by the 
freemen of Maryland, codes of laws which transferred English institu¬ 
tions to Maryland. By orders, proclamations, and conditions of planta¬ 
tion he strengthened and fortified these institutions thus transplanted. 
Believing that Magna Charta and the right of petition guaranteed 
every Englishman the right to liberty of person and security of prop¬ 
erty, he was wise enough to see and brave enough to declare that these 
rights were worthless without liberty of conscience. 

“ He, therefore, adopted and declared that to be the principle on which 
the foundations of Maryland should be laid. Prom the first he intended 
to secure all those rights, privileges, and franchises, not alone to 
Boman Catholics, nor yet alone to Englishmen, but to all Christian 
people of all the nations of the world. 

In doing this he was supported by the whole social influence of the 
Boman Catholics of England, and by the power of the Society of Jesus. 

SAFETY^ AND SHELTER FOR ALL. 

“ Under this institution the Puritans settled at Providence, the 
Quakers at West Biver, and the Presbyterians on the Patuxent. It 
gave shelter to the Huguenots after the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
and to Boman Catholics from the murders and burnings of San Do¬ 
mingo. 

“ Notwithstanding its repeated external overthrow by force or faction, 
it has always been imbedded in the life of the people. In the wars, 
insurrections, revolutions, rebellions, and civil broils which swept the 
province in its earlier days, neither life, liberty, nor property has ever 
been sacrificed in the fury of religious fanaticism. Blood has been 
shed in the struggles of factions, but no man has ever been put to death 
on account of his religion in Maryland. 

STRUGGLED FOR FREEMEN’S RIGHTS. 

“ The growth of popular government was early manifested in Colonial 
Maryland. In the very first Assembly, in 1635, every freeman was 







GROUP AT DEDICATORY EXERCISES, MARYLAND STATE BUILDING 















76 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

entitled to a seat and voice in the proceedings. The second Assembly 
was held in 1637, and the freemen rejected the code of laws offered by 
Lord Baltimore, although liberal and just, claiming the right to orig¬ 
inate legislation for themselves. Thus began the fight in Maryland 
for the rights of freemen. 

^Mn 1739, the Assembly successfully opposed taxes being imposed 
without its consent, and this fight went on until 1765, when the attempt 
to place taxes by Parliament and the tea tax of 1767 so aroused the 
people that the protest was universal throughout the colony. 

“Meetings were held all over the State to protest against,the closing 
of the port of Boston, and provisions were sent to aid the almost starv¬ 
ing people of that city, thus showing the earnest sympathy of the people 
of Maryland in their fight for the great principle of iN'o taxation 
wi thout representation.’ 

BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART. 

“ In all of the movements that led up to the Declaration of Inde¬ 
pendence and the Revolutionary lYar, Maryland stood in the forefront. 
The first overt act of her people against the authority of the King of 
England was on October 19, 1774, when her fearless patriots compelled 
Anthony Stewart to burn his brig, the Peggy Stewart, with her cargo 
of tea, in the harbor of Annapolis. This was done in broad daylight, 
by men undisguised, whose motto was ‘ Liberty, or death in the pursuit 
of it.’ 

“ Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, nominated George ashington in 
the Continental Congress to be Commander-in-Chief of the American 
Army. . 

“ The Maryland Riflemen, under Michael Cresap, were the first 
organized troops to respond to the call of liberty. They fought side by 
side with the Puritans of Massachusetts at Concord and Lexington. 

Maryland’s “ four hundred.” 

“ It was Maryland’s ^ Four Hundred,’ under the intrepid Gist, who, 
after six successive bayonet charges, saved Washington’s arm}^ at Long 




Photograph by Blessing and Fenge 

HIS EXCELLENCY EDWIN WARFIELD 
Governor of Maryland, 1904-1908 



Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Island in August, 1776. The greatest crisis in that battle was the 
superb action of these immortal Marylanders. They held the British 
army of 4000 in check until the Americans moved across to the Jersey 
shore. Two hundred and sixty-seven of their number were killed or 
wounded. 

Their bravery and heroism caused General Washington to exclaim, 
‘ Great God! what brave men I must this day lose.’ 

COVERED Washington’s retreat. 

“ The ' Maryland Line,’ under command of Colonel Smallwood, com¬ 
posed Washington’s rear guard in his masterly retreat through Hew 
J ersey. 

“ Maryland soldiers participated in every hard-fought battle of the 
Eevolution, from Long Island to Yorktown, and were especially distin¬ 
guished for bravery at Camden, Eutaw Springs, Guilford Courthouse, 
Hobkirk’s Hill, and Cowpens. They were the Old Guard ’ of the Con¬ 
tinental forces, ‘ the bayonets of the Eevolution.’ 

COLONEL TILGHMAN’s FAMOUS RIDE. 

“ It was a son of Maryland, Col. Tench Tilghman, Washington’s aide, 
who rode from Yorktown to Philadelphia, carrying the news of Corn¬ 
wallis’ surrender to the Continental Congress. He crossed the Chesa¬ 
peake Bay to the Eastern Shore of Maryland in an open boat, where, 
procuring a horse, he started on his way, riding in the dim watches of 
the night. When his horse gave out he would ride up to a house and 
call out, ^A horse for the Congress, Cornwallis is taken.’ There was a 
flash of light, a patter of glad feet, a welcome, and a godspeed. This 
was repeated time and again, until finally, thundering into Philadelphia 
at midnight. Independence bell Avas rung. Congress convened, and the 
vmtchman on his round proclaimed, ‘ Twelve o’clock; all’s well, and 
Cornwallis is taken.’ 

“ Maryland has taken a foremost place in our wars since the Eevolu¬ 
tion, and in every movement for the advancement of liberty, the welfare 



GOVERNOR WARFIELD AND MILITARY STAFF AT THE EXPOSITION 












80 ^Eartlaxi) at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

of the people^ and the maintenance of the peace, prestige, and dignity 
of our Government. 

HER CONTRIBUTION TO THE WAR OF 1812. 

She contributed more money and men for the War of 1812 than 
any other State. The annals of that war show that of the 240 naval 
officers who served on onr ships, Maryland furnished 46, nearly one-fifth, 
and more than any other State; all of the blew England States together 
sending only 42, and New York but 17. And in the number of privateers 
sent out to prey upon British commerce, Baltimore headed the list of 
cities. 

‘‘ Her quota of volunteers for the Mexican War was promptly recruited. 
They were a brave band of soldiers, and won glory for their State. When 
General Taylor called for ‘ a little more grape. Captain Bragg,’ it was 
Einggold’s Flying Artillery (from Maryland) that furnished the grape. 

SENTIMENT DIVIDED IN 1861. 

In 1860, Maryland’s electoral vote was cast for Bell and Everett, 
showing that a majority of her people were for the Constitution and the 
Union. Although a majority of her most substantial citizens sympa¬ 
thized with the cause of the South, she refused to secede from the LTnion. 
Her sons were divided in the contest. Those who wore the gray believed 
that the South was right, and, so believing, fought bravely, and endured 
sufferings and privations for the faith that was in them and the cause 
they espoused. So with those who volunteered to sustain the Union, 
klaryland honors the valor of all of her sons, those who wore the gray as 
well as those who wore the blue. 

In evidence of this spirit she has erected a monument upon the 
battlefield of Antietam to commemorate their devotion to duty. On 
the tablets are inscribed the names of the commands. Union and Con¬ 
federate, and the battles in which they participated. 

This monument was presented to the National Cemetery Commis¬ 
sion by the State of Maryland in the presence of old soldiers of both 



Photograph by Strauss 


HON. ROLLA WELLS 
Mayor of St. Louis 



82 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


armies, and was accepted by our martyred President, William McKin¬ 
ley, who did more than any other public man to obliterate the ani¬ 
mosities of the war and reunite our people. 

DID NOT HANG BACK IN 1898. 

]\I aryl and’s quota of volunteers for the Spanish War was quickly 
furnished. Her Kational Guard responded enthusiastically, each regi¬ 
ment clamoring to be sent to the front. 

Maryland took the initiative in many important matters of legisla¬ 
tion. She passed the first law to naturalize a foreign-born citizen. 
She was the first State to recognize by law the possibility of steam navi¬ 
gation. She did this by granting to James Rumsey the exclusive right 
of steam navigation in the waters of the State. She was the first State, 
after Virginia, to embody in her form of government the famous Bill 
of Rights formulated by George Mason. 

HISTORICAL EVENTS UPON HER SOIL. 

“ Many interesting historical events have taken place upon her soil. 
It was in the Senate Chamber in the old Capitol, now standing, at 
Annapolis, that Washington resigned his commission as commander-in- 
ehief of the army and returned it to Congress and retired to private 
life—the sublimest act of his sublime life. 

It was in that hallowed chamber that the treaty of peace with 
England, which ended the war, was ratified by Congress. 

It was in that same historic chamber that the initial convention 
was held to promote the organization of a more permanent government. 
It suggested the calling of a convention to formulate a Constitution 
and found the Union. 

CRADLE OF PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 

Maryland was the cradle of the Presbyterian Church in America. 
The first regularly constituted church of that denomination in the 
United States was erected at Rehoboth, Somerset County, now Wicomico 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


83 


County^ with Eev. Francis Makemie as its first minister. Maryland 
was the only colony where the Presbyterians conld get toleration. 

It was in Maryland that the first bishop of the Episcopal Church 
consecrated in America resided—Eight Eev. Thomas John Claggett, 
Bishop of the Diocese of Maryland, who performed an important part 
in laying the foundations of this great and historic church. 

It was in Maryland that the Methodist Episcopal Church of America 
was established, and the first house of worship built by that now powerful 
Christian denomination that has done so much for the upbuilding of 
both civilization and religion in this, as well as in other countries. 

OLDEST ROMAN CATHOLIC DIOCESE. 

In Maryland is the oldest Eoman Catholic diocese in the United 
States—the Archdiocese of Baltimore. 

The first Archbishop of that Church in this country was a Mary¬ 
lander, and it is fitting that the name of Archbishop Carroll should be 
linked in State pride with that of his kinsman, Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, the signer of the Declaration of Independence. 

“ Maryland to-day is the head of the Eoman Catholic hierarchy. 
Eepresenting that Church we have in Baltimore its only Cardinal in 
the United States—Cardinal Gibbons—that man of simple and pure 
life, true Americanism, and high patriotism. 

“ Thus it will be seen that upon Maryland’s soil was first established 
in the United States these four great Christian churches, that have 
been such potential forces in shaping the destiny and greatness of our 
nation. 

“ Uot only has Maryland been the scene of historical events, but many 
of the important industrial, inventive, and scientific conceptions have 
been born within her borders. 

FIRST STEAMBOAT FLOATED IN HER WATERS. 

It was in Maryland waters that the first steamboat was floated. It 
was invented by a Marylander, James Eumsey, 25 years before Eulton 


84 


]\[akyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 


launched the Claremont. General Washington, who witnessed the trial 
on the Potomac, gave a certificate of the success of the experiment. 


EIKST EAILKOAD IN AMERICA. 

“ It was in Maryland that the first steam railroad in America was 
built, and the first electric railway in the world was operated. It was 
in Maryland that the first iron plates for shipbuilding were made. It 
was in Maryland that the first telegraph line in the world was con¬ 
structed, and the first water company and the first gas company were 
organized. It was a Marylander, Obed Hussey, who invented the first 
sickle knife for reapers, and the first perfect and successful self-raking 
reaper was invented by Owen Dorsey, of Howard County, Maryland. 

“ The heraldic device of the Great Seal of Maryland discloses the fact 
that the supporters of the shield are a farmer and a fisherman. In the 
days of the province these two avocations ivere the only ones, and to-day 
they form the most important factors in the prosperity of the State. 


AS AN AGRICULTURAL STATE. 

“ The agricultural products of the State amount to $43,823,419 
annually. No more favored land for agricultural purposes can be 
found in the United States. While corn, wheat, and tobacco are the 
staples, yet every product of the temperate zone can be produced within 
her borders in the greatest abundance. 

“ Frederick County, the home of General Baughman, ranks as the 
third agricultural county in productiveness in the United States. 

Of Maryland’s total area of 12,210 square miles, 2350 are covered 
by the waters of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, which teem 
with terrapin, oysters, crabs, and fish in almost endless variety, while 
to the swamps and the marshes annually come thousands of ducks, 
geese, and other wild fowl. The value of the annual yield from the 
products of these waters is over $10,000,000. 


Maetlaxd at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


85 


NOT BACKWARD IN MANUFACTURES. 

Maryland is also taking her place in the front rank of manufactur¬ 
ing States. Her output of manufactured goods last year amounted to 
$242,752,990. By reason of her proximity to the stores of raw mate¬ 
rial, to the great coM fields, and her splendid water power, with un¬ 
equaled water courses and great railroad connections, there is every 
inducement for the establishment of manufactories. 

“ The mineral resources of Maryland are extensive, and but partly 
developed. Iron ore is abundant and of good quality. Limestone and 
marble of good quality, and granite unequaled, are profusely distributed 
throughout the State. Her coal mines are practically inexhaustible, 
and yield more than $5,000,000 annually. Her deposits of clay and 
kaolin furnish material for brick and pottery. 

HEALTHY CLIMATE, HOSPITABLE PEOPLE. 

“ Her climate is salubrious and healthy. Her hills and dales are 
pleasing and attractive to the eye. Her people are hospitable and cul¬ 
tured. Her public schools rank with those of any State in the Union. 
Her taxation—for State, county, and municipal purposes—is moderate. 
Her churches are numerous, and her people are moral and law-abiding. 

“ In fact, Maryland can boast of a citizenship, of a culture, of 
everything that promotes happiness and contentment. In the words 
of her distinguished poet, Eandall, the author of Maryland, My Mary¬ 
land,’ ‘ There is faith in her stream; there is strengdh in her hills; 
there is life in the old land yet.’ 

BALTIMORE A CITY OF FAIR WOMEN. 

“ I cannot close without referring to our metropolis, Baltimore, our 
beautiful city, famed for her fair daughters, her monuments, her beau¬ 
tiful parks, her churches, her colleges of medicine and law, her great 
Johns Hopkins University, which has in a quarter of a century won a 
position in the front ranlc of the universities of the world, of her hos- 


86 Maeyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 

pitals—unsurpassed in their equipment for ministering to suffering 
humanity, of her libraries, her old Historical Society, filled with the 
data that tell the brilliant story of our Commonwealth, and, above all, 
of her progressive, wide-awake, and up-to-date merchants. 

Our city ranks next to St. Louis in population, but she stands 
upon an equal footing with her in all of the characteristics that go to 
make up an enterprising community. Baltimore sends greetings to 
St. Louis and hopes that this Exposition will prove advantageous to 
her, and be an inspiration that will yield fruit in the future. 

PLUCK AND ENERGY AFTER THE FIRE. 

A great fire swept away the very heart of our city on the 7th of 
last February, destroying property valued at $75,000,000. Our people, 
with a courage and grit unsurpassed, turned at once to the task of 
restoration and worked with a vim, so that to-day the work of recon¬ 
struction is so well under way that within a year a new, substantial, and 
beautiful city will have been built upon her ruins, thus demonstrating 
that our people are of that type that knows no failure or discouragement, 
and who can meet with stout hearts any emergency. 

‘‘Without aid, but with warm sympathy from every quarter, our 
merchants have rehabilitated themselves, taken care of their customers, 
and pushed forward Baltimore’s fame. 

PRIDE OF MARYLANDERS IN MARYLAND. 

“ These facts about Maryland justify the love that every Marylander 
bears for his native State. He can point with pride to her record of 
patriotism, to her contribution to the progressive work of the world, to 
her statesmen, her soldiers, her sailors. Her sons and their descend¬ 
ants have furnished much of the brain and brawn which have contrib¬ 
uted to the ‘ Winning of the West.’ 

“ Missouri is a large debtor to Maryland. Many of her sturdy, enter¬ 
prising, wide-awake business men are of Maryland stock or natives of 
our State. We are proud of such sons. They reflect credit upon their 
Maryland tocestry.” 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 


87 


General Baughman’s address was as follows: 

Maryland’s contribution.” 

The scene before ns to-day is one calcnlated to inspire the mind 
and thrill the heart. This mammoth exhibition is an effort to give 
outward and visible expression to the progress, the glory, the material 
and social advancement of more than a hundred years. But no work, 
however great, can fully express it; no monument, however colossal, 
is adequate to body it forth. No country, no civilization, no advance¬ 
ment in history approaches it. And yet there is somewhere a reason 
for it all, a cause for it, and an instrumentality by which, under the 
guiding hand of Providence, it was accomplished. What is it? 

Extent of territory does not make a great people. Multitudinous 
populations do not make a great nation; inexhaustible resources are 
often the cause of ruin and death. Only principle makes a people 
great; and the greater the territory, the larger the population, the 
more unbounded the riches, the more necessary is principle. But when 
a greatness of principle is joined to this material greatness, then all is 
made sublime. It was God’s will that this nation should have both. 
But her essential greatness,—that which gives stamp and character to 
all—is greatness of principle. What is this principle? 

“ This nation was founded upon natural right and equity; upon 
liberty, equality, and fraternity rightly understood. And of all this 
progress, glory, advancement, riches, and splendor which we witness, 
this principle has been the life and the soul. And indeed, great is our 
glory, but no glory can add to it; great indeed, our progress, but this 
is its condition; great our riches, but this the greatest riches of all. 
Where did it come from? Who indicated it? Blessed shall he be 
forever in the memory of man! 

‘‘Now Bryce, in his ‘American Commonwealth,’ states that the 
fathers, the framers of the Constitution, possessed no inventive genius— 
did not invent anything. The wisdom which they were called upon to 
exercise, and did so wisely and so well, was the not less rare quality of 
wise selection from a heap of materials; and Mr. Alexander Johnson, 


88 IMaryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

in the Princeton Review, 1887, traces almost every article, provision, 
and enactment of the Constitution to one of the several Colonial Legis¬ 
latures. The credit, therefore, of a principle may justly be given to 
the colony that first indicated it. Where did America get the prin¬ 
ciple? Who indicated it? Who pointed toward it? Who made it 
possible? For blessed shall that man or nation be forever in the annals 
of the human race. It came from IMaryland—and as I speak that 
name my heart thrills with delight. Tour’s answer to mine, and to¬ 
gether we exult over the glories of Maryland. The first indication in 
the New World of this principle was in Maryland. At a time when 
civil and religious liberty had perished in England, she resurrected 
both. She laid her foundation deep upon justice and liberty, not on 
the exercise of power. And this is her everlasting glory. Time has 
not lessened it nor bigotry diminished. Truth has been vindicated ; 
and from the heights of civilization upon which we are placed, looking 
backward over the past to the dark period in which she was founded, 
she catches our eye —a luminous point in the universal gloom—a home 
of justice and liberty in an age of tyranny and oppression. The Dove 
of Peace flew away from the turmoil of England to a congenial home in 
Maryland; and the Ark of Safety brought over to our shores the prin¬ 
ciple of all future civilization. 

“The Pilgrims landed in 1634, and within three years the first 
Assembly of Maryland was called. This Assembly was democratic and 
practically acknowledged the right of universal suffrage by extending 
the franchise to every freeman in the colony. The idea,’ says William 
Hand Brown, ^ was that of a purely popular Assembly, in which every 
freeman was to have a vote in person or by a personal, not a collective, 
representation.’ Every freeman was called, and had the right to sit 
and vote (Life of Calvert, page 84). L4ccording to the writ of sum¬ 
mons,’ says Scharf, ‘ the Assembly was evidently intended to be purely 
democratic, i. e., an assembly of the whole people.’ The only ambiguity 
as to the right of suffrage is in the word freeman. But that, by a vote 
of the Assembly in 1643, is shown to mean a citizen above the age of 
majority, not held to personal service. ‘ The first Code of Maryland,’ 


]\Iaeyland at the Louisiana Pdechase Exposition 89 

says Gen. B. T. Johnson, ‘provided for the liberties of the people and 
for a general assembly for all freemen.’ Maryland, therefore, from 
the very beginning, was essentially a democratic government, extending 
the privilege of citizenship and the right of franchise to all the people, 
simply requiring that they be of age and not indentured servants. Service 
seems to have been considered a kind of minority. ‘ The first Code of 
Virginia was a compilation of martial law,’ continues the last-named 
author. It made no provision for the liberties of the people—did not 
guard them—^and in the hands of an unscrupulous governor, as Doy]e 
remarks, it might have become an instrument of the most oppressive 
tyranny. The first Code of Massachusetts and Plymouth was a the¬ 
ocracy, with a union of Church and State upon the basis of the Mosaic 
law. These three were the mother colonies. In Massachusetts and 
Virginia there is no provision for the liberties of the people. Demo¬ 
cratic government is not hinted at in the most distant manner. But a 
greater glory is Maryland’s. Lord Baltimore knew well that legislative 
freedom could not exist without liberty of conscience, and from the 
very beginning intended that both should obtain in Maryland. As far 
back as the days of Elizabeth, Catholic noblemen had cherished the idea 
of founding a colony that might be a home for persecuted Catholics; 
a home where they might openly profess and practice their religion 
and worship God according to the dictates of conscience. During the 
reign of Elizabeth, when the most savage bloody code ever conceived 
was in operation against them. Sir George Peckham and Thomas Gerard 
attempted to found such a colony on the coast of Maine. The expedi¬ 
tion failed, but not the hope of success, which survived until it was 
finally taken up by George Calvert, first Lord of Baltimore, and exe¬ 
cuted by Cecil, the second lord of that title. 

“ All evidence, all documents, all the history in the case show that 
the idea of religious toleration was, from the beginning, the controlling 
motive of the Calverts, and that, backed by the Catholics of England 
and counseled and advised by others, they founded Maryland upon that 
principle. That it was not a matter of necessity is shown from the 
fact that he was made ‘absolute lord and master of the Province.’ That it 


90 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

did not originate with the Crown, is evident from the fact that it is 
found in no other charter. That it was an echo of an act of the Long 
Parliament, as claimed by Gladstone, is refuted by Johnson and Clarke. 
The idea bad long been cherished by the Catholic noblemen of England, 
and for its establishment in Maryland, Calvert and his Catholic colonists 
deserve all the credit and merit all the glory. This is conclusively 
proven by General Johnson, by Davis, by Shea, by McSherry, and by 
Scharf. The same bigotry that overthrew the Proprietary Government 
and persecuted Catholics every time it was sufficiently strong, has con¬ 
tinuously endeavored to rob the Calverts of this honor. But as they 
had the greatness of soul to return good for evil, and to bless those who 
persecuted them by re-establishing religious liberty every time they 
returned to power, so now every time their name is attacked a new vindi¬ 
cation only makes their honor brighter, their names dearer, and their 
fame the more secure. It is a sublime spectacle and a history of which 
we may well be proud. A Catholic nobleman, at a time when his faith 
was prescribed in England, and priests and laymen were hanged, drawn, 
and quartered for the practice of it, as late as 1628, founds a colony 
upon religious liberty; throws open the doors of his domain to the 
world, and in an age of fierce intolerance directed chiefiy against Catho¬ 
lics proclaims religious toleration. ^ Then and thus,’ says McMahon, 
^ landed the pilgrims of Maryland.’ And then and thus were laid the 
foundations of the old city of St. Mary’s and of our present State. 
^And religious liberty,’ says Bancroft, ^ obtained a home, its only home 
in the wide world, in the little village which bore the name of St. Mary’s. 
Such were the beautiful auspices under which Maryland was established. 
Its prosperity, its peace seemed secure. Its histor}^ is the history of 
benevolence, gratitude, and toleration.’ ‘ Calvert,’ again says Bancroft, 

' deserves to be ranked among the most wise and benevolent lawgivers 
of all time. He was the first in the history of Christianity to seek for 
religious security and peace by the practice of justice and not by the 
exercise of power; to plan the establishment of popular institutions 
with the enjoyment of liberty of conscience; to advance the career of 
civilization by recognizing the rightful equality of the sects. The asy- 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


91 


him for Catholics was the spot where, in a remote corner of the world, 
on the banks of rivers which had hardly been explored, the mild forbear¬ 
ance of a Proprietary adopted religious liberty as the basis of a State/ 
Such was the foundation of Maryland; and while Catholics and Quakers 
were persecuted in /^ew England, and Puritans and Catholics in Vir¬ 
ginia, and the most odious tests were established, Maryland, Maryland— 
with great pride and exultation be it said—Maryland proclaimed 
religious liberty for all Christians within her domain. The oath which 
Baltimore required the Grovernor to take, bound him by that solemn 
obligation not to exact or consider any religious qualification in the 
appointing to office or in the bestowal of honors; in which it is 
easy to see the law that Congress shall institute no religious test. It 
is true that the letter of the law contemplated only Christians; but all 
those who would live peaceably and not openly insult the Christian 
religion, as McSherry and Davis state, were included in its spirit. The 
subsequent practice of the government protected the unbeliever, and the 
Act itself forbids ffihe application in a reproachful sense, to any person 
or persons whatsoever, any name or term relating to religious matters.’ 
The urgent necessity was to protect Christians from Christians, and we 
have evidence of one Jew who lived unmolested in the Province. 

Such is the beginning of civil and religious liberty in Maryland. 
These principles have been made tbe very foundation of our govern¬ 
ment. ‘ The Constitution of this Assembly,’ says Scharf, ‘ is one of 
the most interesting facts in the history of the country. It is easy to 
see in it the germ of all future political organization.’ ‘ These regula¬ 
tions,’ says Johnson, ‘ were as wise, as statesmanlike^ as far-reaching 
as any lawgiver ever dictated to a distracted and faction-torn State. 
These institutions, this policy has become fundamental in all American 
Commonwealths, and are being recognized as those alone on which 
civilization can be developed.’ 

“ Such is Maryland’s contribution to the work and the scene before 
us; and whilst her children give all credit to other States, they have a 
special pride and a special glory in the work of the Land of the Sanc¬ 
tuary.” 


92 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Gen. Joseph Lancaster Brent, Deputy Governor General for the State 
of Maryland of the Society of Colonial Wars in the United States, spoke, 
in part, as follows: 

“ Among- the many happy influences that have combined to promote the 
vigorous growth of our people, we ought to give great, if not the greatest, 
prominence to that of the Colonial people of the Eevolution generation 
who won our independence by war and secured our liberties in peace 
by wise political institutions. 

“ We, the people of Maryland, look back, through a period of 270 
years from to-day, to fmd that the beginning of our political existence on 
this continent began on March 25, 1634, and we can readily infer the 
extent of the influences of the long Colonial period which have been 
impressed on us by our sturdy ancestors, which even to this day exercise 
control over us. 

“ The early settlers of the thirteen Colonial States encountered substan¬ 
tially the same environment, which, to a very great extent, resulted in de¬ 
veloping almost identical love of personal liberty and the exercise of that 
self-control which alone gives liberty that moderation and restraint which 
constitute it the guarantee of happiness and prosperity. 

“ It was this strong, energetic, and courageous people that won our 
national independence; that, then, brought together in union the thirteen 
Colonial States, with their conflicting interests and views, and adopted 
that Constitution of the Bepublic which during the period of 114 years 
has proven itself able to develop the freedom, happiness, and prosperity 
of our people, and which to-day maintains in successful operation a 
Government containing the largest population of freemen and the 
broadest area of territory that has ever existed in the history of the 
world as a Eepublic resting upon popular sulfrage. 

“ But the winning of our independence and the establishment of our 
Constitution are not the only benefits given us by the last Colonial genera¬ 
tion of our founders, but to them we are also indebted for setting into 
operation the political machinery of our National Government and for 
the adoption of the broad policies that have advanced us along the path¬ 
way of progress, including the Louisiana Purchase, which this Exposition 
commemorates. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


93 


“ I believe that the generation of American Colonials of which Wash¬ 
ington was leader, soldier, statesman, and type, has achieved more political 
results than any single generation of men that ever lived. 

Other generations of men have fought with equal courage and 
patriotism in liberating or defending their country, but to the Colonial- 
born men of the age of Washington it was given, not only to show courage 
in war, but the rare constructive capacity of forming a written Constitu¬ 
tion upon original lines, reconciling liberty with law, and of starting 
into operation a Government organized under it, and of impressing their 
wisdom and policies upon its administration with such force that for 
more than a century it has continued to secure the happiness of the 
people and the admiration of the world. 

In conclusion, I declare my belief that the Colonial societies, com¬ 
posed of the descendants of Colonial fathers, in seeking to preserve 
the history and the spirit of the forefathers, are doing a patriotic work 
of vast importance, and even of necessity, to our country, because it 
seems that so long as the country recognizes and accepts the wisdom of 
the Colonial founders of the Eepublic and safely guards the Constitution 
formed by them, to that extent only will be secured the stability and hap¬ 
piness of our Eepublic: but if, departing from this solid foundation 
wrought by Colonial statesmen, we become seekers after visionary ideas 
and adopt new principles, especially those adding unnatural powers to the 
Government, whereby the just equilibrium between power and freedom 
is destroyed, we will have entered upon th road of decadence, leading to 
disaster and the destruction of the only Eepublic founded upon popular 
suffrages, which, up to this date, has proven itself the best qualified and 
most enduring political agency for securing the happiness of a free 
people which the world has ever looked upon.” 

Eeoeption at the Maryland Building. 

On the evening of September 13 the Maryland Commissioners gave a 
reception at the Maryland Building to Governor and Mrs. ‘Warfield. 

The building was beautifully decorated with flowers and gracefully 
draped with flags. The reception was largely attended. The guests 


94 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


asked to meet the Governor and ]\Irs, Warfield were received by the 
Maryland Commissioners and their wives, assisted by Adjutant-General 
Riggs, Secretary of State and Mrs. Oswald Tilghman, Mrs. Daniel Man¬ 
ning, chairman of the Board of Lady Managers of the World’s Fair, 
General and Mrs. Frank H. Hamhleton, General and Mrs. John M. T. 
Finney, Colonel and ]\Irs. Richard S. Hill, Colonel and Mrs. Joseph L. 
Wickes, Miss Warfield, Miss Symington, Miss Tilghman, Miss Annie C. 
Thomas, Miss Baughman, Miss Cromwell, Miss Hoopes, Miss Mary 
Warfield, Miss Mcodemns, and Mrs. Edward N. Rich. 

The splendidly decorated and illuminated building, the many gorgeous 
full-dress uniforms of the members of various military organizations 
present, the host of beautiful women there formed a scene of loveliness 
never to be forgotten by those who were fortunate enough to be present, 
among whom were the following: 

Hon. Joshua W. Hering, Mrs. Hering, Miss Florence Macubbin, Miss 
Howard, Mr. Samuel M. Shoemaker, Miss Clayton, the Misses Pearce, 
IMrs. Orlando Harrison, Mr. and Mrs. James P. Gorter, Mrs. Murray 
Vandiver, Hon. R. Wells, Judge Henry D. Harlan, Mrs. Harlan, Mr. 
Thornton Rollins, Mr. C. A. Councilman, Mr. W. A. Marburg of A., Hon. 
Gordon T. Atkinson, Mrs. Atkinson, Miss Horse}^, Mrs. F. P. Stieff, Mr. 
F. P. Stieff, Jr., Mr. A. L. Towson, Prof. J. B. Horton, the Misses 
Robinson, Hon. W. Lee Carey, Mrs. Carey, Mr. Chas. C. Macgill, Mrs. 
Macgill, Miss McGrath, Hon. M. V. Brewington, Hon. W. F. Porter, 
Mrs. Porter, Miss Hargis, Miss Helen G. ]\Ioore, Mr. Reuben Foster, 
Mr. and Mrs. Thos. J. Ewell, Hon. John Hubert, the Misses Hubert, 
Mr. Samuel J. Twilley, Mr. Robert Burton, Mr. Wilson Patterson, Hon. 
Carville D. Benson, Hon. Clarence W. Perkins, Judge Samuel D. 
Schmucker, Mr. Marion T. Hargis, Prof. Edward B. IMathews, Mr. C. H. 
Forrest, Mr. James Bond, Mr. Walter W. Crosby, Hon. Francis Y. King, 
Mr. J. M. Street, Hon. Robert H. Carr, Miss Alice Key Blunt, Mr. 
Parker D. Dix, Mr. T. Lee Slingluff, Mr. B. F. Bond, Mr. Charles E. 
Ford, Mrs. Ford, Mr. George W. Knapp, Mrs. Knapp, the Misses Knapp, 
Mr. Frank Hoen. 



Photograph by Aime Dupont 

MRS. MARY MARGARETTA MANNING 
(Mrs. Daniel Manning) 

President of the Board of Lady Managers, Louisiana Purchase Exposition 



9(3 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


liECEPTiON TO Admiral Schley. 

The last large formal social function to be held in the Maryland State 
Building, and one of the most successful, was the reception given to 
Admiral and Mrs. Winfield Scott Schley by the Maryland Commission 
on the afternoon of ISTovember 25, near the close of the Exposition. 

Admiral Schley was most graciously received by the residents of St. 
Louis and by the visitors to the Fair, and the reception to him at the 
Maryland Building was an ovation. Most of the foreign attaches and 
the State Commissioners were present, in addition to the Governor of the 
State of Missouri, President Francis, Ex-Congressman John Allen, 
General Bates, and a number of members of the Maryland Society. The 
guests were received by Mrs. Fisher, Mrs. Daniel Manning, president of 
the Board of Lady Managers, Mrs. Herman Stump, General L. Victor 
Baughman, Mr. William H. Lee, and Mr. Samuel K. Dennis. 



Photograph by Hosch 


WILLIAM H. LEE 

Member Maryland Society of Missouri 



CHAPTEPt VI. 

The Ageicultukal Exhibit in Agricultural Building. 

Mr. W. L. Amoss of Harford County was placed in direct charge of the 
agricultural exhibit and he applied himself for nearly eighteen months 
with energy and success to the difficult task of collecting, installing, and 
maintaining an exhibit from Maryland with but a limited amount of 
money at his command which compared favorably with the exhibits from 
some of the other States which exceeded ours many times over in cost. 
Every ounce of material for the exhibit had to be selected, and assembled. 
iSTothing of the kind was attempted by the State either at Buffalo or at 
Charleston and there was no nucleus for the Agricultural Exhibit as 
there was for the Geological Exhibit. Mr. Amoss was assisted in arrang¬ 
ing the exhibit by Mr. Stewart B. Shaw of Somerset County, Mr. John 
A. Scott of Baltimore County, and Mr. Leo Cahill of Washington County. 

We also wish to acknowledge the obligations your Commission, and in¬ 
deed all the people of the State, are under to the officers and trustees of 
the Mar 3 dand Agricultural College for their encouragement and aid, 
cheerfully and freely rendered. Through the courtesy of the trustees 
i\Ir. Amoss was permitted to devote himself as far as was necessary to 
collecting material for the exhibit. Every assistance possible was given 
by the president and faculty of the college and the director of the Experi¬ 
ment Station, where the products were received and stored preparatory 
to shipment to St. Louis. Professor W. T. L. Talliaferro, assisted by 
Professors Horton, Austin, Simmons, Walls, and Doane volunteered their 
services as receiving agents. 

A detailed description of the Agricultural Exhibit is not necessary for 
the purposes of this report, however interesting and instructive it might 
be. It is sufficient to say that the Maryland Agricultural Exhibit proper 
at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition filled Block 45 on the southeast 
side of the Agricultural Building, and covered a floor space 90 x 20 feet. 



WM. L. AMOSS 


100 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


The exhibit occupied an advantageous position and in design was both 
original and attractive; the object being to present the chief agricultural 
characteristics of the State^, in a way so graphic that the attention of all 
passers by could not fail to be arrested; and so simple that the most 
hurried observer would be certain to receive some definite and lasting 
impression of Maryland’s natural advantages and agricultural resources. 



VIEW OF GENERAL AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT 


The attention of the visitor to the Agricultural Building was probably 
first attracted to our exhibit by a banner hi|gh above all other State ban¬ 
ners, surmounting the Maryland Exhibit and bearing the word Mary¬ 
land ” in gold letters 17 inches high and 20 feet long. Below was placed 
a map of the State, 7 x 12 feet in size. 

]\Iany of the exhibits were housed in handsome weathered oak cases 
with plate-glass fronts and manufactured by J. C. Knipp & Sons. All 
products were exhibited with the names and addresses of the growers 
attached and tied by ribbons in the State colors. 








Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


101 


One case was devoted to specimens of forage crops. Timothy was 
shown from the farm of the Consolidated Coal Company near Frostburg, 
Allegany County, in two lots, the first and second crop from the same 
field. The second crop was quite four feet long and proved the wonder- 



FRONT VIEW OF MARYLAND CORN EXHIBIT 


fill fertility of the Alleghany Mountain pockets. Another specimen over 
five feet long was from the farm of J. T. Hoopers of Harford County, 
and as it was explained grew on land which often produced 100 bushels 
of corn per acre. Specimens of three varieties of clover, alfalfa, buck¬ 
wheat, and spring wheat showing a growth of four and one-half feet of 
straw, for W. H. Weber & Sons of Garrett County were shown. Another 




102 Maryland at the Louisfana Pftrchase Exposition 

case was devoted to forage crops such as winter wheat, barley, oats, cow 
peas, soja beans, and blade fodder successfully grown on the Eastern 
Shore and Southern Maryland. 

Two cases for exhibiting 10 samples of soils and sub-soils, collected 
by Dr. J. A. Bonsteel of the U. S. Division of Soils for the Maryland 
Exhibit were located, one at each end of the space, with cards appended 



BACK VIEW MARYLAND CORN EXHIBIT 


calling attention to the fact that “ Maryland has a greater variety of soils 
than any other State in the Union,’’ and giving concise and accurate 
information concerning each sample exhibited; ivhere obtained, char¬ 
acteristics, and a list of crops for which it is best adapted. 




Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


103 


One original method adopted to illustrate the varied conditions, crops, 
and methods which obtain in the western and eastern sections of the 
State were the two tjqiical “ barn scenes ” located at opposite ends of 
the AgTicultnral Exhibit block against the wall of the Agricultural 
Building. This consisted of two miniature barns, one labeled ‘‘ Western 
Maryland Barn” and the other Southern Maryland Barn.” Each was 
filled with the finest specimens of the crops and farming utensils peculiar 
to its section, and each was surrounded by native trees, fruits, flowers, 
and vines. The whole was gracefully arranged and attracted much 
attention. 

The display of tobacco in process of curing and of cotton grown in 
St. ]\Iarv’s County was instructive even to our own people. 

Our corn exhibit was representative and especially successful, com¬ 
paring favorably in quality with any exhibit from the so-called corn 
States. The exhibit consisted of samples of ten ears each, tied in the 
State colors, with the names and addresses of the growers attached, 
housed in a handsome case with a plate-glass front. There was also dis¬ 
played in jars a comparative analysis of Maryland corn high in protein 
for which as well as for valuable assistance in many other ways the 
Commission is indebted to Professor H. J. Patterson of the Maryland 
Experiment Station. Here, too, was displayed a diploma awarded by the 
Paris Exposition in 1889 to “ Sir ” J. P. Silver, of Harford County for 
corn exhibited by him. A second exhibit of corn, which often caused 
remark and expressions of surprise that Maryland could produce such 
crops, was placed in a special exhibit in the middle aisle of the Agri¬ 
cultural Building, where the four American staples, tobacco, sugar, corn, 
and cotton were shown. 

The tobacco exhibit like the corn exhibit was displayed in a cabinet. 
It made an interesting and advantageous showing of the planters^ tobacco 
from Southern Maryland and from Frederick County. The broad, 
membrane-like leaves readily caught the eyes of the visitors, who fre¬ 
quently expressed their admiration of the exhibit. A special tobacco 
exhibit was also made in the middle aisle covering a space twenty feet 


104 Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

square. In the center of the space a giant tobacco Indian stood on a 
pedestal over seven feet high with a great pipe in his mouth and the 
“ horn of plenty ” on his arm, from which the manufactured products 
of the weed fell to the ground. To the right and left were cases in 
which on one side were displayed the several types of tobacco sold on 
the Baltimore market and which were contributed by the Tobacco Leaf 
Association, while on the other side was a duplicate exhibit of the South¬ 
ern Maryland planters. 



ONE VIEW OF MARYLAND TOBACCO EXHIBIT 

On the front of the pedestal in tobacco leaf was the word “ Maryland.^’ 

The display of both leaf tobacco and manufactured tobacco was full 
and highly creditable. 

The dairy industry of Maryland was not neglected, although for 
obvious reasons, a display commensurate with its value and importance 
was impossible. Your Commission was obliged to content itself with a 
representation of a Maryland dairy built of staff, looking cool and clean. 



Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


105 



and furnished with all the utensils found in a dairy as well as a fine 
exhibit of milk from Mr. Samuel M. Shoemaker’s Walker-Gordon Dairy 
and the New Hygeia Dairy. 

The Canned Goods Exhibit was also in the agricultural section, and 
was arranged in three groups of pyramidal form, composed of cans of 
peas, corn, and tomatoes. Over each group was advertised the fact that 
the United States Census of 1900 shows that Maryland packs one-fourth 
of all the peas, one-eighth of all the corn, and one-third of all the toina- 


VIEW OF MARYLAND TOBACCO LEAF EXHIBIT 

toes packed in the United States. Between each pyramid was a shield 
covered with orange cloth, with cans of small fruit arranged and attached 
to the face of each, while over and above all, to the right and to the left, 
were two globes, five feet in diameter, on pedestals of cans, with the 
outline of the two hemispheres. To the front and at the end of each 
wing stood a pyramid of cans on pedestals, one of crabs, the other of 
oysters. 







106 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

In front of these were two extension tables bearing a load of big- 
stemmed sweet potatoes, and a card conveying the information that 
Tliese potatoes were grown on land 20 miles from Washington, bought 
eight years ago for $3.38 per acre.” Eew visitors passed without express¬ 
ing interest and surprise at the statement as well as at the potatoes. 

To the right and left of the center of the exhibit were two pyramids 
each 12 feet high and 8 feet wide at the base. On one was displayed 
manufactured animal products and on the other manufactured vegetable 


MARYLAND MANUFACTURED TOBACCO EXHIBIT 

products. Statistical information was given in bold letters on the 
face of each to the effect that Maryland has 460,000 farms, with an 
acreage of 2,032,000, and an annual total value of farm crops of $30,- 
217,000, and the eight steps of the vegetable manufactured products were 
adorned with the statement of the value of each product to the State as 
follows: 



Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


107 


Small fruits. $1,224,000 

Potatoes . 1,337,000 

Orchard fruits. 1,416,000 

Tobacco . 1,438,000 

Miscellaneous products. 1,792,000 

Vegetables . 4,354,000 

Hay and forage. 4,709,000 

Wheat . 6,484,000 

Corn . 7,463,000 


Total value .$30,217,000 


The pyramid of animal products had five steps with the following 


information; 

Honey and wax. $ 39,000 

Wool . 143,000 

Poultry and eggs . 3,650,000 

Pork, beef, and mutton. 4,546,000 

Hairy products . 5,229,000 


Total value .$13,607,000 


A picturesque pavilion, or arbor, built of laurel by Eobert Cremen & 
Sons of Baltimore, and comfortably furnished with seats, added to the 
attractive appearance of the Maryland space and provided a convenient 
and much appreciated resting place for the visitors passing that way. 
Here the latest Maryland papers, the register for visitors, advertising- 
circulars of Maryland real estate agents, extracts from the census reports, 
publications issued by the Maryland Bureau of Immigration, in short 
all sorts of printed advertisements of our State likely to attract favor¬ 
able attention were to be found. Visitors crowded this arbor and fre¬ 
quently as many as 300 people from all parts of the globe registered in 
the visitors^ register in a single day. To each visitor pamphlets issued 
by the Maryland State Bureau of Immigration, Maryland As It Is,” 




















108 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


by Mr. Norval E. Foard, and many other publications were given. In 
this way a mass of choice advertising material was placed in the hands 
of thousands of visitors. 

Though the arrangement and display of the products of the State 
were convincing, nothing, probably, left with the visitors a happier and 
more lasting impression of Maryland than the five wonderful snap-shot 
landscape photographs five feet long and sixteen inches wide, taken by 



LATERAL VIEW OF MARYLAND GENERAL AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT 


Mr. J. W. Schaefer of Baltimore with his patent panorama camera on 
films especially prepared by the Eastman Kodak Company and colored 
by Miss E. S. Jackson of Washington, D. C. Two photographs, one 
colored and the other not, were taken from Braddock Heights, and lays 
before the visitor a view of Middletown Valley, a strip of exceedingly 
fine land in Frederick County, sixteen miles wide and fifty miles long, 
extending across the State from Mason and Dixon’s Line to the Potomac 
River. Another was a typical plantation scene, the home of the late 

















T7o'uiritx>v^a,:|T 

vi,°vyj| 




..r\ 


.PRODUCTS »5 229.000.^- 


SDl^ 


hIT*?! ^^46.00 ©.■ •'■■■■"■ ;■ 

:EA0E 2.032,000 
VAtOE or TARM citoPsra«RO' 




‘I ?*a«d 


CANNED GOODS EXHIBIT 





















110 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Judge Thomas Iglehart, Indian Eange/’ which is located about twelve 
miles from Annapolis, not far from the South Eiver, and on the line of 
the proposed Baltimore and Southern Eailroad. A card attached to the 
photograph gave the information that the land in that section is natur¬ 
ally fertile and can be bought at a price ranging from ten to thirty dollars 
per acre. 

The fourth photograph was a marine view, and was taken from the 
top of Mr. Monday’s bam on an inlet of the Choptank Eiver, three miles 
from Cambridge, and the fifth was also a marine view taken off Solo¬ 
mon’s Island and showing the wonderful harbor afforded by the Pa¬ 
tuxent Eiver covered by a fleet of oyster boats. 

A competitive display was not the purpose of the Maryland Exhibit. 
Its object was to appeal to the home-seekers, and every effort consistent 
with the resources at the command of your Commissioners was made to 
arrange the products of the State in such quantities and order as to 
make the exhibit representative and comprehensive, in character, and 
convincin,g the visitor that the State of Maryland in climate, soil, and 
natural characteristics presents more advantages than any other State 
in the Union. Your Commission is encouraged to believe from subse¬ 
quent events that this was the proper policy. The appropriation of 
1904 came too near the opening of the Exposition to allow time for 
assembling a bulky exhibit, even had the State been more generous. 
Specimens for the exhibit had in most instances to be bought in the 
market and since only the choicest articles were desired the highest 
prices had to be paid. It is a matter of surprise and regret to your 
Commission, and unfortunate for the State, that there was not a more 
generous response by the farmers and manufacturers of farm products 
of the State for products. It is to be regretted that apparently our 
people were not fully alive to the necessity of advertising their State 
and their own goods and the wonderful opportunity afforded by the 
Exposition to do so. 

A^our Commissioners in spite of the expense of collecting and install¬ 
ing the Agricultural Exhibit, due largely to the frightful cost of labor 
and materials at the Fair, and many other difficulties are gratified at 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


111 


the successful result. The awards given exceeded our expectations; and 
our exhibit not only compared favorably with other states on account 
of the diversity of our exhibits, but in many instances surpassed them. 
This statement is conclusively proved by the fact that our awards in 
number and grade, will bear favorable comparison with any State expend¬ 
ing the same amount of money and in some instances much more than 
was done by Maryland. 



ORNAMENTAL ARBOR, MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT 


It is hoped by your Commissioners that in addition to the proximate 
object of the exhibit in advertising the State at the great Exposition 
an incidental, though tangible and permanent benefit may result to the 
State in having the bulk of the exhibit placed in the custody of the 
Maryland Agricultural College, to be used by it. Except a few donations 
to museums and the St. Louis Orphan Asylum after the Fair the whole 
exhibit was returned to the Agricultural College. 

Appended is a list of the awards by the International Jury of the 


112 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Louisiana Purchase Exposition to the Maryland Agricultural Exhibit 
and its Exhibitors; 

Grand — 

Maryland Commission—tobacco. 

The American Tobacco Company, Baltimore—manufactured tobacco. 

Gold for Tobacco — 

Patuxent Planters’ Club, Marlboro. 

Leaf Tobacco Association, Baltimore. 

Samuel Cox, Jr., Bel Alton. 

John H. Drury, Chaney. 

W. L. Purdum, Monrovia. 

Euben Bowen, Parran. 

W. L. Amoss, Director Agricultural Exhibit. 

Gold—Agricultural Products — 

Maryland Commission. 

State Experiment Station, College Park—hay and forage products. 
W. L. Amoss, Director of Agricultural Exhibits. 

Joseph T. Hoopes, Bynum—timothy and alfalfa. 

H. C. Hollaway, ETewark—corn. 

D. Columbus Kemp, Frederick—grains. 

John Snowden, Bowie—wheat. 

M. B. Waite, Woodwardville—sweet potatoes. 

Cambridge Manufacturing Company, Cambridge—flour, meal, 
hominy. 

Staley Manufacturing Company, Baltimore—cornstarch. 

Martin Wagner & Co., Baltimore—canned goods. 

Dickey & Co., Baltimore—wooL 

Silver for Tobacco — 

Franklin Weems, Marlboro—leaf. 

Estep Stewart, Chaney—leaf. 

Charles T. Chanejy Chaney—leaf. 

Hugh Wills, La Plata-—leaf. 


Photograph by Mesny’s 


ALBERT JONES 

Representative Maryland Commission, Executive Commission, 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition 




114 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Silver for Cereals, etc .— 

Maryland Commission (collective corn exhibit). 

W. E. Allen, Salisbury—seeds. 

Eugene P. Childs, Eiverview—peas. 

David Engler, Jr., Medford—rye. . 

W. S. Elood, Knoxville—wheat. 

A. C. Kolk, Long Green—wheat, sunflower seed, corn. 

Upton Mehring, Pocky Eidge—rye. 

James T. Moore, Sandy Spring—wheat. 

A. P. Silver, Glenville-—corn. 

Scott Snook, Hagerstown—clover seed. 

V. M. Stones, Smithsburg—millet. 

Kelson Wilhide, Thurmont—wheat. 

H. Weber & Sons, Oakland—cauliflower. 

John Charles, Charlton—flour. 

George H. Shultz, Binwood—hominy. 

T. M. Felton, Frederick—hominy. 

Maryland Commission-—canned goods. 

W. W. Bradford, Emmorton—canned tomatoes. 

H. F. Hemmingway & Co., Baltimore—canned fruits and vegetable 

B. F. Shiver & Co., Union Mills—canned vegetables. 

John Boyle & Co., Baltimore—preserves. 

Gibbs Preserving Co., Baltimore—jams and jellies. 

Irving Preserving Company, Baltimore—catsup. 

J. G. Harrison & Sons, Berlin—nursery stock. 

Bronze for Leaf Tobacco -—- 
Frank Hill, Upper Marlboro. 

S. E. Eussell, Leonardtown. 

E. E. Berry, Foustville. 

Charles V. Hayden, Leonardtown. 

F. Snowden Hill, Marlboro. 

Thad. Yates, Leonardtown. 

George W. Brooke, Marlboro. 


Photograph by II gen frits 


SAMUEL K. DENNIS 
Secretary Maryland Commission 



116 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Bronze for Various Exhibits — 

Eobert Cremen & Sons, Baltimore—rustic furniture. 

Anna S. Hill, Leonardtowu—hand-knit socks from Maryland cotton. 
John H. Drury, Chaney—corn-husk collars. 

J. S. Bartow, Easton—grain. 

George E. Bishop, Hoyes—oats, huckwheat. 

John H. Drury, Chaney—corn blades. 

Jas. Elzey, Salisbury—sweet potatoes. 

Samuel Enfield, Forest Hill—corn. 

Otto Fisher, AviltoU'—buckwheat. 

Geo. E. Garnaud, Smithsbnrg—wheat. 

E. 0. Garner, College Park—wheat. 

A. P. Gorman, Laurel—corn. 

Thomas B. Harper, Hurlock—corn. 

J. T. Hoopes, Bynum—corn. 

H. S. Hurley, Pocomoke City—sweet potatoes. 

Fred. Von Kappf, South Towson—corn. 

Frank P. Little, Hancock—wheat. 

G. T. Littleton, Beaver Dam—sweet potatoes. 

A. McGill, Cordova—corn. 

Joseph M. Mattingly, Beavue—corn. 

E. T. Massey, Masseys—grass seed. 

D. E. Oswald, Chewsville—wheat, oats. 

Jim Eeid, Linkwood—corn. 

Noah Small, Bel Air—wheat, oats. 

Dr. Augustus Stabler, Brighton—-popcorn. 

C. W. Thomas, Adamstown—corn. 

J. S. Howard, Eutland—cow peas. 

Clayton Wright, Centerville—corn. 

Mrs. George T. Chambers, Cove Point—canned fruit. 

Gibbs Preserving Company, Baltimore—canned fruits and vege¬ 
tables. 

George D. Insley & Sons, Bivalve—crab meat. 

Kidwell Bros. & Co., Baltimore—preserved strawberries, vegetables. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

H. J. McGrath & Co., Baltimore—pineapple and peas. 

J. M. Mitchell, Harford County-—sugar corn. 

Frank 0. Smith, Dunkirk—canned tomatoes. 

David Kerr, Baltimore—potato chips. 

Silas C. Beachy, Bittinger—maple sugar and syrup. 

C. E. Whittington, Dunkirk—decoys. 


117 


CHAPTEB YII. 

The Exhibit of Maryland Mineral Products in Mines and 
Metallurgy Building. 

The exhibit of Maryland’s mineral resources occupied a conspicuous 
position at the southern end of the Mines and Metallurgy Building. It 
covered an area of over 2000 square feet of floor space together with 
4000 square feet of wall and window space, the combined area being sur¬ 
passed by but few other states. 

The exhibit was planned and installed for the Commission by Profes¬ 
sor Wm. Bullock Clark of the Johns Hopkins University, Chief of the 
State Geological Survey, assisted by Professor Edward B. Mathews and 
several other associates. The materials forming the display were gradu¬ 
ally accumulated over several years, those first collected forming the 
State’s exhibit at Buffalo in 1901, and these further augmented consti¬ 
tuting the Charleston exhibit later. The St. Louis exhibit was largely 
increased over the previous displays and was thoroughly representative 
of the varied mineral resources of the State. The exhibit won the only 
Gold Medal awarded to any State for its collective exhibit of mineral 
resources at the Buffalo Exposition, and also received, among other 
awards, 12 special Gold Medals, twice the number awarded to any other 
State in mining, at the Charleston Exposition. 

The exhibit was divided into a number of main groups: (a) mineral 
products, (b) systematic geology, (c) maps, sections, reports, and 
models, (d) highway materials and methods. 

jMineral Products. —The mineral products were represented by the 
following: coals; building and decorative stones; ores; clays and clay 
products, including pottery, tile, terra cotta, fancy and common brick, 
fire-brick, enameled-brick, retorts, and stove-linings; limestones; sands; 
cement rocks; Hints; feldspars; marls; tripoli; barytes; soapstone; etc. 
The total value of Maryland’s production of these materials has been 



DR. WILLIAM BULLOCK CLARK 


4 




1 












120 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

gradually increasing in recent years until it now aggregates between nine 
and ten million dollars annually. The attempt was made to show the 
natural materials together with the various kinds of manufactured pro¬ 
ducts derived from them. All of the leading operators and manufac¬ 
turers in the State took part in the display, some of them supplying large 
collections of materials. 

Many of the most important mineral products were arranged in the 
form of special exhibits. A large pyramid of blocks of coal, mainly from 
the G-eorges Creek valley, furnished by the Consolidation Coal Company, 
Black Sheridan and Wilson Company, Georges Creek Coal and Iron 
Company, American Coal Company, Piedmont Mining Company, Davis 
Coal and Coke Company, Garrett County Coal and Mining Company, 
Maryland Coal Company, Kew Central Coal Company, Phoenix and 
Georges Creek Coal Company, Monroe Coal Company, Moscow-Georges 
Creek Mining Company, Piedmont and Georges Creek Coal Company, 
and G. C. Pattison, was placed conspicuously near the center of the space. 
The large block forming the center of the pyramid was from the mines 
of the Consolidation Coal Company. In connection with this exhibit 
was a collection of glass jars filled with samples of coal from all the 
workable seams and a large vertical section showing the position of each 
seam in the Maryland Coal Measures. A large model also showed the 
distribution of the several coal seams in the various coal basins of the 
State. 

Columns, slabs, and cubes of building and decorative stones, from the 
leading quarries of the State, were arranged both in the form of a pyra¬ 
mid and on tables, among them being granite from the quarries of 
McClenahan and Brother at Port Deposit, the Maryland Granite Com¬ 
pany at Guilford, and the Guilford and Waltersville Granite Company 
at Granite; marble from the quarries of the Beaver Dam Marble Com¬ 
pany at Cockeysville, the Washington Marble Company near Eakles 
Mills, and the Washington Junction Stone Company near Point of 
Rocks; sandstone from the quarries of the Seneca Stone Company of 
Seneca, and serpentine from those of J. H. C. Watts at Cardiff; also 
specimens from the numerous quarries in the vicinity of Baltimore and 



\ 


General View. 

MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY EXHIBIT^ MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING. 



































122 ^Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

from many other points throughout Maryland. Some samples repre¬ 
sented types of stone which have not been developed commercially as yet 
although occurring in large amounts. A booth made of slate furnished 
by the well-known Peach Bottom Slate Producers’ Association and other 
interests in Harford County was a conspicuous feature of the exhibit. 

Various iron and copper ores were displayed, particularly the historic 
carbonate iron ores worked in Baltimore, Anne Arundel, and Prince 
George’s counties and smelted at the Muirkirk furnace of Charles E. 
Coffin, illustrating which were shown armor-piercing projectiles made 
by the U. S. Arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts, and metal rolls made 
by the Philadelphia Boll and Machine Company. The hematite and 
limonite ores of the central and western counties were also effectively 
displayed. 

In the clay exhibit was a large glass case filled with decorated pottery 
from the manufactories of the Edwin Bennett Pottery Company and D. 
F. Haynes and Son of Baltimore. A wall case contained a fine ex¬ 
hibit of enameled-brick from the works of Andrew Bamsay of Mount 
Savage. A central mantel-piece made of brick from Maryland clay was 
put up by the AVashington Hydraulic-Press Brick Company to display 
its products and an exhibit of terra cotta and building bricks was made 
by the Burns and Bussell Company and the Baltimore Brick Company 
of Baltimore. Fire-brick was supplied by the Union Mining Company 
of Mount Savage, and the Baltimore Betort and Fire-Brick Company of 
Baltimore and sand-brick by the Cumberland Granite Brick Company 
of Cumberland. A booth ^vas covered with roofing-tile from Edwin Ben¬ 
nett’s Boofing Tile V^orks of Baltimore and there was also a large exhibit 
of stove-linings from the Green Hill Fire Brick Company of North East. 
There were several other exhibits of clay products including brick, 
earthenware, and pottery. A large collection of the raw clays of the 
State, classified according to their various uses, was arranged in jars. 

Among other materials displayed were limestone and lime from S. 
W. Barrick and Son of AA'oodsboro, M^m. C. Hitman of Texas, John AY. 
Tabler Lime and Stone Company of Frederick, and the YI. J. Grove 
Lime Company of Lime Kiln; cement rock and cement from the Cum- 



Pig. 1. View Looking South. 



Fig. 2. View Looking North. 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY EXHIBIT, MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING. 














































124 Makyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 

berland Hydraulic Cement Company of Cumberland, the Pound Top 
Cement Company of Hancock, and the Cumberland and Potomac Cement 
Company at Pinto; flint from the mines of the American Pottery Supply 
Company in Harford County, and feldspar from the mines of the Spar- 
vetta Mining Company in Cecil County; also tripoli from the pits of the 
Hew York Silicate Company on the Patuxent Elver. There was also 
exhibited a collection of typical Maryland soils, explanatory of the agri¬ 
cultural soil maps that adorned the walls near by. 

Systematic Geology.— In addition to the exhibit of mineral products 
there was an extensive systematic collection representing the geology, 
mineralogy, and paleontology of the State displayed in a series of plate- 
glass cases on the walls. In this exhibit the numerous materials found 
at the various geological horizons of the State from the oldest (Archean) 
to the youngest (Pleistocene) were displayed with the object of empha¬ 
sizing the great variety of geological formations represented, and the 
variety and extent, both developed and undeveloped, of the mineral 
products of the State. 

Maps^ etc.— A large collection of maps, geological sections, photo¬ 
graphs, and illustrations covered the upper portions of the walls. They 
constituted a graphic panorama of the leading physiographic, geologic, 
soil, hydrographic, climatic, and economic features of the State. 
Colored transparencies of local scenery, and greatly enlarged micro- 
photographs of the leading types of Maryland rocks occupied the windows. 
The publications of the Maryland Geological Survey filled one of the 
cases. Several models were displayed, the most important of these being 
one showing the relief of the coal basins of Allegany and Garrett 
counties and another of Baltimore and vicinity with the water and land 
approaches to the city. 

Highivay Materials and j\Iethods.— This display was designed to 
illustrate some of the materials and methods employed by’the Highway 
Hivision of the Maryland Geological Survey. Photographs and draw¬ 
ings showing the testing laboratory and character of tests made were 
appropriately arranged together with samples of the materials used. 
The highway exhibit was the most complete one at the Exposition and 



Fig. 1. Building-Stones, Granite, Marble, Slate, Etc. 



Fig. 2. Decorative Stones, Marble, Serpentine, Etc. 


MAEYLAND GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY EXHIBIT, MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING. 





























126 Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

fully represented the up-to-date methods which the State of Maryland has 
recently inaugurated. 

Two original “ Mason and Dixon Line stones, a crown-stone ” and 
a “ mile-stone ” were also included in the Maryland exhibit, awakening 
great interest among the visitors to the Mines Building. 

Published Information.— The Maryland Geological Survey issued 
and distributed at St. Louis a pamplet containing “ A Brief Account 
of Maryland Mineral Eesources and Description of Exhibit of Mary¬ 
land Mineral Products in Mines and Metallurgy Building, St. Louis, 
1904.” Several thousand copies of this publication were distributed to 
the public at St. Louis and from Baltimore. It has been much sought 
for by those desiring information regarding the mineral resources of the 
State. 

The article at the end of this volume on the Physical Eeatures of 
Maryland is a more elaborate discussion of the natural wealth of the 
State and is intended to meet the demands for more complete informa¬ 
tion regarding the material resources of Maryland. It has seemed de¬ 
sirable that the results of the work of the Maryland Geological Survey 
should be put in such form as to be readily available to those seeking 
information regarding the State. A large edition of this pamphlet will 
be prepared for distribution to those who do not obtain the complete 
volume. 

Surmounting the entire exhibit and visible from all parts of the build¬ 
ing was the great seal of the State in black and gold over which in gilt 
letters was the word Maryland, which could be clearly seen from all 
parts of the great building. 


Awards. 

Grand Prizes — 

State of Maryland—Collective Mineral Exhibit. 

Consolidation Coal Company, Baltimore^—coal. 

Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, St. Louis and Washiugton—brick 
(part of exhibit made of brick from '\Iaryland clay). 



Fig. 1. Coals. Flints, and Feldspars. 



Fig. 2. Iron Ores, Cements, and Lime Products. 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY EXHIBIT, MINES AND METALLURGY BUILDING, 























128 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Gold Medals — 

Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore—publications. 

Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore—maps, sections, transpar¬ 
encies. 

Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore—building stones. 

Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore—clays and clay products. 
Maryland Geological Survey, Highway Division, Baltimore—road 
materials. 

Georges Creek Coal and Iron Company, Baltimore—coal. 

Muirkirk Furnace, Muirkirk, Maryland-—Iron ores and ordnance 
products. 

Wm. Bullock Clark, Baltimore—-Director Mineral Exhibit. 

Silver Medals — 

Union Mining Company, Mount Savage—fire-brick. 

Andrew Eamsay, Mount Savage—enameled-brick. 

Queen City Brick and Tile Company, Cumberland—press brick. 

D. F. Haynes and Son, Baltimore—pottery ware. 

Edwin Bennett Pottery Company, Baltimore—pottery ware. 

Edwin Bennett’s Eoofing Tile Works, Baltimore—roofing tile. 
Baltimore Eetort and Fire-Brick Compan}^, Baltimore—clay retorts, 
etc. 

Maryland Coal Company, Lonaconing—coal. 

Allegany County, Maryland—iron ores. 

Prince George’s County, Maryland—iron ores. 

Charles E. Coffin, Muirkirk—iron ores. 

McClenahan Granite Company, Port Deposit—granite. 

Beaver Dam Marble Company, Baltimore—marble. 

Peach Bottom Slate Producers’ Association, Cardiff—roofing slate. 
Seneca Stone Company, Baltimore—sandstone. 

H. P. Eeiger and Company, Baltimore—granite. 

Washington Junction Stone Company, Point of Eocks—marble and 
sandstone. 

Albert Weber, Baltimore—granite. 

J. H. C. Watts, Belair—serpentine. 



Fig. 1. Clay Products, Fire-brick, and Tile. 



BTg. 2. Clay Products, Pottery, Terra Cotta, and Enameled Brick. 


MAKYLAND GEOLOGICAL SUKVET EXHIBIT, MINES AND METALLUKGY BUILDING 





















130 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


M. J. Grove Lime Company, Lime Kiln—lime. 

Edward B. Mathews, Baltimore—Collaborator of Mineral Exhibit. 
Harry F. Eeid, Baltimore—Collaborator of Mineral Exhibit. 

A. K. Johnson, Baltimore—Collaborator of Mineral Exhibit. 

Bronze Medals — 

Maryland Granite Company, Baltimore—granite. 

I. H. Peddicord and Son, Baltimore—granite. 

Victor Perola, Point of Pocks—marble. 

Piedmont Mining Compan}^, Baltimore—coal. 

Edward Kerr and Company, Eobinson-—Glass-sand. 

Cumberland Granite Brick Company, Cumberland—sand-lime brick. 
S. W. Barrick and Son, Woodstock—lump lime. 

Bound Top Cement Company, Hancock—cement. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE MARYLAND COMMISSION TO 
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION AT ST. LOUIS. 

FREDERICK P. STIEFF, Treasurer. 


The Following Is an Exhibit of the Financial Transactions of the 
Commission From Its Organization Until March 19, 1906. 


RECEIPTS. 

State Appropriation .$65,000.00 

Amount received by sale of furniture, etc., in State Building. 395.00 

Proceeds from sale of Fruit. 75.40 

$65,470.40 


EXPENDITURES. 

AGRiCFi/ruRAL Exhibit. 

Cost of collecting exhibit, installing same; freights; salaries of 
employes; expense of maintaining exhibit and returning 
same to Agricultural College.$10,089.23 

Geological Exhibit. 

Cost of collecting exhibit, installing same; freights; salaries of 
employes; expense of maintaining exhibit and returning 
same to State House, Annapolis, Md. 7,500.00 











Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


131 


Johns Hopkins Hospital Exhibit. 

Amount allowed by Commission for making Exhibit. $700.00 

Bureau of Immigration. 

Amount allowed by Commission for pamphlets advertising the 

State of Maryland to encourage immigration. 500.00 

Plaster of Paris Surgical Jacket Exhibit. 

Amount allowed by Commission for making Exhibit. 100.00 

State Building. 

Cost of erecting and completing Maryland State Building. 19,114-95 

Furnishing and Maintaining State Building. 

Cost of furniture and fixtures for the Maryland State Building; 
expense of light, fuel, water, and other incidental expenses 
of maintaining State Building. 3,653.86 

Janitor service—salary and expenses. 511.05 

Custodian Maryland Building—salary and expenses. 1,385.44 

Maryland Day Celebration. 

Amount allowed Governor and Staff. 1,200.00 

Expenses incurred by Commissioners and invited guests for 
traveling expenses, entertaining, and ceremonies on 
September 12, 1904. 6,523.96 

Distribution of Maryland Fruit, Maryland Day. 431.84 

Salary of Secretary. 1,750.00 

Expense Account. 

Cost of printing, stationery, insurance, freights, traveling, and 
sundry expenses of Commission for Opening Day and ar¬ 
ranging for Exhibits, and other incidentals. 8,531.40 

Final Report. 

Cost of publishing and distributing final report of the Com¬ 
mission; estimated and not paid. 1,800.00 

Balance —Estimated, and which is to be paid to State Treasurer. ... 1,678.67 


$65,470.40 
















CIIAPTEE YIIL 
Conclusion. 


The Louisiana Purchase Exposition is now a matter of history. It 
was easily the greatest of all international expositions and is not likely 
to be equalled for years to come, and possibly never surpassed. 

With a modest appropriation Maryland was enabled to take a proper 
and creditable position in this heretofore unequalled demonstration, 
which was remarkable as the most general, elaborate, and enthusiastic 



MARYLAND:: 


GOLD MEDAL PRESENTED MRS. FISHER 
President Hostess Association 


assemblage of the nations of the world and of the States of the Union 
ever had on any similar occasion. The Exposition was no less remark¬ 
able for the interchange of official courtesies and social amenities. Owing 
to our limited resources we were unable to attempt any entertainments 
on the elaborate scale inaugurated by many State and Foreign Commis¬ 
sions. The functions at the Maryland Building were uniformly dignified 
though comparatively simple, but were none the less successful. A 
number of set official receptions were given as before stated, and there 
were a number of impromptu and quasi-official occasions, which were 
somewhat original. In this class might be mentioned the reception at 


Maetland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 133 


the Maryland Building to the Maryland Agricultural College Cadets 
who were encamped for several days on the Fair Grounds and Mrs. 
Fisher’s weekly teas. We are, therefore, gratified to be able to report 
to your Honorable Body that in addition to the imposin,g array of medals 
and awards secured by our exhibits the representatives of the State of 
Maryland were the recipients of many marks of distinction and appre¬ 
ciation. 



GAVEL PRESENTED MRS. FISHER 
President Hostess Association 

Mrs. Fisher of the Maryland Commission and hostess of the Maryland 
Building was a leader at the Exposition. She was the first to foster a 
spirit of personal friendship and sociability among those connected with 
the Exposition by bringing them all together at informal weekly teas 
at the Maryland Building. The acquaintances and friendships thus 
formed went far toward promoting official harmony and easy business 
relations as well as in making the Maryland Building popular. Mrs. 
Fisher was honored by her fellow hostesses in being elected President of 
the Hostess Association. 




134 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Your commission would be wanting in courtesy as well as in honesty, 
should we fail to acknowledge the part taken by the members of the 
Maryland Society of Missouri in the success of Maryland at the Exposi¬ 
tion. The influence of the members of the Society was potent in securing 
privileges and recognition far beyond our expectations. The members 
of the society, of Avhom a list is appended, were most hospitable to all 
Marylanders visiting the Exposition, and the uniform consideration 
shown the members of your Commission and others by them should 
never be forgotten. 

Members Maryland Society of Missouri. 


Messrs.— 

E. J. Lackland, 

Wm. H. Thomson, 

Wm. H. Lee, 

Jno. P. Lee, 

Murray Carleton, 
Leonard Matthews, 

T. Garrison Morfit, 

Y. H. Bond, 

C. L. Hilleary, 

D. M. Houser, 

E. S. Brookings, 

E. C. Simmons, 
Franklin Eidgely, 

F. J. McMaster, 

Jno. H. Tennant, 

G. B. Miller, 

Chaunoey F. Schultz, 
Wm. S. Zittle, 

Jno. L. Storm, 

P. S. Bantz, 

Moses Fraley, 

Clarence L. Hoblitzel, 


Jno. C. Morfit, 

Bartoav Van Yess, 
Allen Trail, 

Geo. Tyler, 

J. H. Tyler, 

M. B. Miltenberger, 

W. C. Boogher, 

E. G. Cherbonnier, 

E. C. Lackland, 

T. H. L. Loud, 

Wm. Y. Matthews, 
Leonard Matthews, Jr., 
Claude L. Matthews, 
Bernard Greensfelder, 
S. M. Sparkling, 

C. H. Thiemeyer, 

J. C. Killingsworth, 
Jno. Hall Christie, 
Wm. S. Walker, 

Adam Wiest, 

Chas. j. M. Donaldson, 
Jno. Appler, 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


135 


Jno. a. J. Shultz, 
Enrique Parmer, 

H. W. Beck, 

Jesse L. Carleton, 
Henry B. Louderman, 

L. L. Prince, 

W. S. Haddaway, 

E. P. Combs, 

Walter H. Beck, 

M. M. Beck, 

E. W. Warfield, 

Jas. C. Morfit, 


C. B. Beck, 

Jacob Gross, 

C. H. WiCKARD, 
Jno. E. Tfiomas, 
Carroll E. Hill, 
T. P, Boland, 
Jos. J. Gross, 

J. E. Appler, 
Chas. G. Blake, 
Chas. E. Wolfe, 
Ed. E. Macy. 








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REPORT 


ON 

THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF MARYLAND 


EMBRACING AN ACCOUNT OF THE 

PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, MINERAL RESOURCES, 
AGRICULTURAL SOILS, CLIMATE, HYDROGRAPHY, 
TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM, AND FORESTRY 


AND ACCOMPANIED BY 


A NEW GEOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOIL MAP 
OF THE STATE 


PREPARED BY 

THE MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

WM. BULLOCK CLARK, State Geologist 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SEVERAL MEMBERS OF 
THE NATIONAL BUREAUS 


NOTE 

This contribution to The Physical Features of Maryland has been 
made by the Maryland G-eological Survey at the request of the Maryland 
Commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition to meet the de¬ 
mands for authoritative information regarding the State and to answer 
in detail the many inquiries resulting from the exhibit in the Mines 
Building at St. Louis. It puts in written and permanent form the 
records of that exhibit and will supply a need that has long existed. 

The chapters entitled Introduction^ History of Investigation rOigarding 
the Physical Features of the State, Physiography, Geology and Mineral 
Eesources were written by Wm. Bullock Clark and Edward B. Mathews 
with the assistance of George B. Shattuck, Charles K. Swartz, Cleveland 
Abbe, Jr., and others of the Maryland Geological Survey. The chapter 
on Agricultural Soils was prepared by J. A. Bonsteel of the H. S. Bureau 
of Soils; that on Climate by Oliver L. Fassig of the IJ. S. Weather 
Bureau; that on Hydrography by F. H. JSTewell of the Hydrographic 
Division of the U. S. Geological Survey; that on Terrestrial Magnetism 
by L. A. Bauer of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey; and that on 
Forestry by W. D. Sterrett of the H. S. Forest Service. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE. 


THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF MARYLAND, peepaeed by the Maey- 

LAND Geological Suevey’ . 137 

INTRODUCTION . 151 

Location . 151 

Boundaries . 151 

Size . 154 

Counties . 155 

History . 156 

State Government . 160 

Education .162 

HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE PHYSICAL 

FEATURES OF THE STATE . 163 

Early Investigations . 163 

First State Geological Survey, 1833-42 . 168 

Investigations to Outbreak of Civil War. 169 

Investigations subsequent to Civil War until 1880 . 170 

Investigations from 1880 to organization of present State Geological 

Survey . 171 

Investigations of present State Geological Survey. 174 

PHYSIOGRAPHY . 178 

Coastal Plain . 179 

THE DIVISIONS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN. 180 

THE COASTAL PLAIN TEEBACES . 181 

Lafayette Terrace . 182 

Sunderland Terrace . 185 

Wicomico Terrace . 188 

Talbot Terrace . 190 

Recent Terrace . 191 

STBEAM VALLEY'S . 193 

ECONOMIC PHYSIOGBAPHY OF THE COASTAL PLAIN . 194 

Soils .••.. 194 

Waterways . 195 

Railroads . 196 

Effects of Topography upon the Inhabitants . 197 

Piedmont Plateau . 198 

THE DIVISIONS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU . 198 

THE PIEDMONT PENEPLAINS . 199 




































140 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


PAGE. 

Schooley Peneplain . 200 

Weverton Peneplain . 201 

Harrisburg Peneplain . 202 

Somerville Peneplain . 204 

STREAM VALLEYS . 205 

ECONOMIC PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU . 206 

Soils .. 206 

Streams . 207 

Lines of Communication . 208 

Appalachian Region . 210 

THE DIVISIONS OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION . 210 

THE APPALACHIAN PENEPLAINS . 212 

Schooley Peneplain . 213 

Weverton Peneplain . 213 

Harrisburg Peneplain . 214 

Somerville Peneplain . 215 

STREAM VALLEYS . 215 

ECONOMIC PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION . 216 

Lines of Communication . 216 

Natural Resources . 218 

Inhabitants . 220 

GEOLOGY . 221 

The Piedmont Plateau . 228 

STRUCTURAL RELATIONS OF THE PIEDMONT FORMATIONS . 229 

metamorphism . 231 

RELATIONS OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN DISTRICTS OF THE PIED¬ 
MONT . 232 

EASTERN DISTRICT . 233 

Highly Metamorphosed Sedimentary Rocks . 234 

The Baltimore Gneiss . 234 

The Setters Quartzite . 235 

The Cockeysville Marble . 237 

The Wissahickon Phyllites and Schists. 238 

The Cardiff Quartzite . 241 

The Peachbottom Slate . 242 

Igneous Rocks . 242 

The Gabhro, Norite and Meta-gabbro. 243 

The Granites . 244 

The Peridotite, Pyroxenite and Serpentine . 245 

The Pegmatite . 246 

The Acid Volcanics (Meta-rhyolite). 246 

The Mesozoic Diabase . 247 











































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


141 


PAGE. 

WESTERN DISTRICT . 247 

Sedimentary Rocks . 249 

The Quartzites and Schists . 249 

The Marbles . 249 

The Schists and Argyllites . 250 

The Weverton Sandstone . 250 

The Shenandoah Limestone . 250 

The Newark Formation . 250 

Igneous Rocks . 251 

The Basic Volcanics . 251 

The Acid Volcanics . 251 

The Diabase . 252 

The Appalachian Region . 252 

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS . 255 

The Cambrian Period . 255 

The Loudon Formation . 255 

The Weverton Formation . 256 

The Harpers Formation . 256 

The Antietam Formation . 257 

The Shenandoah Formation (lower part) . 257 

The Ordovician Period . 258 

The Shenandoah Formation (upper part) . 258 

The Martinsburg Formation (Utica-Hudson River). 259 

The Silurian Period . 259 

The Juniata Formation (red Medina) . 259 

The Tuscarora Formation (white Medina). 260 

The Clinton Formation (Rockwood). 260 

The Niagara Formation (Lewistown, lower part). 261 

The Cayuga Formation (Lewistown, middle part). 261 

The Salina member . 261 

The Manlius member . 261 

The Devonian Period . 262 

Lower Devonian . 262 

The Helderberg Formation (Lewistown, upper part) . .. 262 

The Coeymans member . 263 

The New Scotland member . 263 

The Becraft member . 263 

The Oriskany Formation (Monterey). 263 

Middle Devonian . 263 

The Romney Formation . 263 

The Marcellus member . 264 

The Hamilton member . 264 











































142 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


PAGE. 

Upper Devonian . 264 

The Jennings Formation . 264 

The Genesee member . 266 

The Portage member . 266 

The Chemung member . 266 

The Hampshire Formation (Catskill in part) . 266 

The Carboniferous Period . 267 

Mississippian . 267 

The Pocono Formation . 267 

The Gi’eenbrier Formation . 268 

The Mauch Chunk Formation (Canaan) . 268 

Pennsylvanian . 268 

The Pottsville Formation (Blackwater) . 268 

The Allegheny Formation (Savage, Bayard, lower part) . 269 
The Conemaugh Formation (Bayard, upper part and 

Fairfax) . 270 

The Monongahela Formation (Elkgarden) . 271 

The Permian Period . 271 

The Dunkard Formation (Frostburg). 271 

IGNEOUS ROCKS . 272 

The Acid Volcanics . 272 

The Basic Volcanics . 273 

The Granites . 274 

The Coastal Plain . 274 

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS . 276 

The Jurassic (?) Period . 276 

The Upper Jurassic (?) . 276 

The Potomac Group {Lower Division) . 276 

The Patuxent Formation . 277 

The Arundel Formation . 278 

The Cretaceous Period . 278 

The Lower Cretaceous . 279 

The Potomac Group {Upper Division) . 279 

The Patapsco Formation . 279 

The Raritan Formation . 280 

The Upper Cretaceous . 280 

The Magothy Formation . 280 

The Matawan Formation . 281 

The Monmouth Formation . 282 

The Rancocas Formation . 283 








































Maeyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 143 

PAGE. 

The Tertiary Period . 283 

The Eocene . 283 

The Pamunkey Group . 284 

The Aquia Formation . 284 

The Nanjemoy Formation . 285 

The Miocene . 285 

The Chesapeake Group . 286 

The Calvert Formation . 286 

The Choptank Formation . 286 

The St. Mary’s Formation . 288 

The Pliocene .. 289 

The Lafayette Formation . 289 

The Quaternary Period . 291 

The Pleistocene . 291 

The Colitmbia Group . 291 

The Sunderland Formation . 291 

The Wicomico Formation . 292 

The Talbot Formation . 293 

Recent . 294 

MINERAL RESOURCES . 296 

The Coals . 298 

The Building Stones . 303 

THE GRANITES AND GNEISSES . 304 

Granites . 305 

Port Deposit . 305 

Ellicott City . 300 

Woodstock . 307 

Guilford . 307 

Gneisses . 308 

THE MARBLES AND LIMESTONES . 310 

Marbles . 311 

Marbles of Baltimore County . 311 

Marbles of Carroll County . 312 

Potomac Marble . 313 

Serpentine . 314 

Limestones . 

317 

THE SANDSTONES . 

Triassic Sandstones . 

Paleozoic Sandstones . 

Cambrian or “ Mountain ” Sandstone . 320 










































144 Maeylani) at the Loeisiana Pukchase Exposition 


PAGE. 

Tuscarora and Oriskany Sandstones . 320 

Pocono Sandstone . 321 

Pottsville Sandstone . 321 

Micaceous Sandstones . 321 

THE SLATES . 321 

The Peach'bottoni Slates . 322 

The Clays and Clay Pbodxjcts . 324 

COMMON BBICK CLAYS . 324 

TEBBA COTTA CLAYS . 327 

SEWEE-PIPE CLAYS . 327 

FIEE CLAYS . 327 

POTTEEY CLAYS . 328 

The Pobcelain Mateeials . 330 

FLINT . 330 

FELDSPAR . 331 

KAOLIN . 331 

The Lime and Cement Products . 332 

The Sands . 333 

The Marls . 333 

The Iron Ores . 334 

The Gold . 336 

The Mineral Paints . 336 

The Tripoli . 337 

The Mineral Waters . 337 

The Road Materials . 338 

Miscellaneous Products . 340 

COPPER . 340 

CHROME . 340 

LEAD AND ZINC . 341 

IRON PYRITES . 341 

MANGANESE, ANTIMONY, MOLYBDENUM . 341 

SOAPSTONE . 342 

ASBESTOS . 342 

mica . 342 

GRAPHITE . 342 

AGRICULTURAL SOILS .. 343 

Introductory . 343 

The Soils of the Eastern Shore..-. 346 








































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 145 

PAGE. 

The Soils of Southern Maryland. 348 

The Soils of Northern Central Maryland . 352 

The Soils of Frederick Valley . 353 

Tfie Soils of Catoctin Mountain and Blue Ridge . 354 

The Soils of Hagerstown Valley . 354 

The Soils of the Appalachians . 365 

Conclusions . 357 

CLIMATE . 359 

Temperature . 359 

KILLING FROSTS . 361 

advent of spring . 363 

Precipitation . 365 

frequency of precipitation . 369 

Winds . 370 

Sunshine and Cloudiness . 371 

HYDROGRAPHY . 373 

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM . 377 

FORESTRY . 382 

The Appalachian Region . 382 

The Piedmont Plateau . 384 

The Coastal Plain . 385 























ILLUSTRATIONS 


PLATE. PAGE. 

I. View of Model of the State of Maryland. 150 

II. View of the State-house at Annapolis. 161 

III. Views of Coastal Plain Scenery.. 183 


Fig. 1.—View of Talbot terrace showing Wicomico escarp¬ 
ment, Kent County. 

Fig. 2.—View of Calvert Cliffs on Chesapeake Bay, Calvert 
County. 

IV. Views of Coastal Plain Scenery . 187 

Fig. 1.—View of tributary of the Choptank, Talbot County. 

Fig. 2.—View of Sunderland terrace showing Lafayette es¬ 
carpment, St. Mary’s County. 

V. Views of Piedmont Scenery . 203 

Fig. 1.—Patapsco Valley at the mouth of Brice’s Run, Balti¬ 
more County. 

Fig. 2.—Level surface of Piedmont Plateau away from main 
drainage lines, Cecil County. 

VI. Views of Appalachian Scenery. 217 

Fig. 1.-—^View of Cumberland showing the Narrows of Wills 
Mountain, Allegany County. 

Fig. 2.—View of the Valley of Monroe Run cut in the old 
peneplain, Garrett County. 

VII. View of Appalachian Scenery. Georges Creek Valley, near 

Barton, Allegany County. 219 

VIII. Views showing Geological Formations of the Piedmont Plateau. 239 

Fig. 1.—Granite quarry near Woodstock, Baltimore County. 

Fig. 2.-—Contorted schist above Bald Friar, Cecil County. 

IX. Views showing Geological Formations of the Appalachian Region. 265 

Fig. 1.-—View of folded Silurian rocks near Hancock, Wash¬ 
ington County. 

Fig. 2.—View of horizontal Carboniferous sandstone. Swal¬ 
low Falls, Garrett County. 









Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


147 


PLATE. PAGE. 

X. Views showing Geological Formations of the Coastal Plain.... 2S7 

Fig. 1.—View of Miocene beds, Cove Point, Calvert County. 

Fig. 2.—View of Pleistocene beds showing fossil shells. Corn¬ 
field Harbor, St. Mary’s County. 

XI. Views of Maryland Coal Mining Industry. 301 

Fig. 1.—View of Outcrop of Pittsburg seam, near Lonaconing, 
Allegany County. 

Fig. 2.—View of Consolidation Coal Company, Ocean No. 7, 
Allegany County. 

XII. Views of Maryland Building-Stone Industry. 309 

Fig. 1.—View of McClenahan Granite Quarry, Port Deposit, 
Cecil County. 

Fig. 2.—Thirty-eight-ton monolith, Beaver Dam Quarry, 
Baltimore County. 

XIII. Views of Maryland Clay Industry. 329 

Fig. 1.—Shale bank of Queen City Brick and Tile Company, 
Cumberland, Allegany County. 

Fig. 2.—Pit of Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, 
Harman, Anne Arundel County. 

XIV. Views of Maryland Farming Lands. 351 

Fig. 1.—Valley farm-lands of the Piedmont Plateau, with 
Monocacy aqueduct, Frederick County. 

Fig. 2.—Level farm-lands of the Coastal Plain, Talbot County. 

XV. Views of Maryland Hydrography . 375 

Fig. 1.—The Youghiogheny, near Oakland, Garrett County. 

Fig. 2.—The Potomac at Williamsport, Washington County, 


FIGUEE. page. 

1. Map of Maryland showing Boundaries. 157 

2. Map of Maryland showing the Density of Population by Counties. . . 159 

3. Map of Maryland showing the Physiographic Provinces. 179 

4. Diagram showing relative position of Coastal Plain Terraces. 192 

5. Diagram showing relative production of Maryland Mineral Industries 297 

6. Map showing location of Maryland Coal Basins. 299 

7. Generalized section showing relative positions of Maryland coal seams 302 

8. Map of Maryland showing the distribution of building-stones. 304 

9. Map of Maryland showing the distribution of clays. 325 













148 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


FIGURE. PAGE. 

10. Map of Maryland showing the mean annual temperatures. 359 

11. Mean temperatures in the four climatic divisions of Maryland. 360 

12. Map of Maryland showing the Advent of Spring. 366 

13. Map of Maryland showing the Annual Precipitation in inches. 367 

14. Fluctuations in Annual Precipitation at Baltimore, 1871-1898. 369 

15. Total monthly precipitation during Dry, Normal, and Wet years. ... 370 

16. Relative Frequency of Clear, Partly Cloudy, and Cloudy days. 372 

17. Map of Maryland showing Drainage Basins. 374 

18. Map of Maryland showing lines of Equal Magnetic Declination. 378 












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MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE I. 



VIEW or MODEL OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 









THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF MARYLAND 


EMBRACING AN ACCOUNT OF THE PHYSIOGRAPHY 
GEOLOGY, MINERAL RESOURCES, AGRICULTURAL 
SOILS, CLIMATE, HYDROGRAPHY, TERRES¬ 
TRIAL MAGNETISM AND FORESTRY 

PREPARED BY 

THE MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


INTRODUCTION. 

Location.— The State of Maryland, lying midway between the North 
and South, and stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the crest of the 
Alleghanies, with the great estuary of the Chesapeake Bay and its tribu¬ 
taries extending far into the land in all directions, possesses many nat¬ 
ural advantages in location over neighboring commonwealths. There 
is probably no state of equal size in the Union that has such a variety 
in its agricultural and mineral resources and in its sea and hay pro¬ 
ducts, while its generally salubrious climate renders every section health¬ 
ful as a place of residence. From its eastern to its western borders may 
be found a succession of districts suitable from their surroundings for 
the most diverse employments. 

The State of Maryland is the most northern of the Southern States, 
and is situated between the parallels 37°53' and 39°44' north latitude 
and the meridians 75°4' and 79°30' west longitude, the exact position 
of the western boundary being still undetermined. 

Boundaries.— The boundaries of Maryland are based upon both 
arbitrary locations and geographic features. Different interpretations 
of the descriptions of the limits of the early grants, such as the land 
hitherto unsettled,” and ‘^the first fountain of the Potomac,” led to 



152 


Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


disputes, some of which are still open. The northern, as well as parts 
of the eastern, southern, and western boundaries are conventional lines 
of which the best known is the Mason and Dixon Line.” 

The eastern and northern boundaries of Maryland consist of the 
Atlantic Ocean and a line separating the former possessions of the 
Penns, now the states of Pennsylvapiia and Delaware, from those of the 
Lords Baltimore. From the original settlements of the country until 
1760 when the courts interpreted the manner of carrying out the Agree¬ 
ment of 1732, these boundaries were in dispute. According to this 
agreement the boundary line was to run due west from “ Cape Henlo- 
pen” (Fenwicks Island, fifteen miles south of the point now known as 
Cape Henlopen) to a point midway between the Chesapeake and the 
Atlantic. From this middle point ” the line was to run northerly 
tangent to a circle of twelve miles radius whose center was at Newcastle, 
Delaware. Prom the “ tangent point,” where the tangent line touched the 
circle, the boundary was to follow the circle to a point due north of the 
tangent point. From this point the line was to run due north to the 
northeast corner of the State, which was to be on the parallel of latitude, 
fifteen miles south of the southernmost part of Philadelphia as it was 
at the time of the legal decision in 1760. Prom this northeast corner 
the boundary was to extend due west to the western limits of the State. 

The causes leading to such a complicated line are intimately related to 
the history of the early settlements in the three states affected. The 
original grants to Lord Baltimore in 1632 seem to include territory 
which was subsequently granted to William Penn and a smaller area 
settled by the Swedes and Dutch and subsequently granted to the Duke 
of York. The latter gave rise to the circular boundary about Yew- 
castle, the former to the compromise lines suggested by the English Gov¬ 
ernment in 1683 and subsequently settled by the Agreement of 1732. 
Attempts had been made by local surveyors to run the lines during the 
decade preceding the assignment of the work in 1763 to Charles Mason 
and Jeremiah Dixon, noted English astronomers and mathematicians, 
but the difficulties of running such peculiar lines through unbroken 
forests had been too great for the colonial surveyors with their crude 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


153 


instruments. When Messrs. Mason and Dixon arrived in Philadelphia, 
in 1763, they found that the local surveyors had already determined the 
middle point ” and the “ tangent point ’’ and had run a provisional 
line as far as the northeast corner of the State. From the time of their 
arrival in November 1763 until December 1767, Mason and Dixon were 
engaged in determining the various local points and in running and 
marking the northern boundary of the State, which they continued to 
Dunkard’s Creek, some miles beyond the limits of Maryland, where they 
were stopped by the Indians. They also re-ran and marked the tangent 
line beginning at the “ middle point.” Along the greater portion of 
the lines surveyed by them each mile was marked by a stone monument 
(mounds of stone surrounding wooden posts were used west of Sideling 
Hill) which had on four out of five mile-stones the letter P” engraved 
on the northern side, and the letter M ” on the southern side, while at 
each fifth mile was a stone of the same size, known as a “ crown-stone,” 
with the coat-of-arms of the Penns cut on the northern face and with 
that of Lord Baltimore on the southern. These stones came from the 
quarries on the Isle of Portland in England. Some of the original 
monuments remained in good condition but many had become dilapidated 
or had been removed when the legislatures of Maryland and Pennsyl¬ 
vania made provision in 1900 for the relocating and remarking of the 
line. The work was completed in 1904 by a Commission composed of 
representatives of the States of Maryland and Pennsylvania and of the 
United States Government. This line, known as the Mason and Dixon 
Line, became famous in the great controversy preceding the Civil War 
as the boundary between the free and slave-holding states and has been 
regarded as the division line between the North and South. 

The southern boundary, long in dispute, was permanently settled in 
1874, as far as the Mary land-Virginia portion is concerned, by a board 
of commissioners appointed by the states of Maryland and Virginia. 
According to this agreement the boundary follows the low-water line on 
the right bank of the Potomac Eiver to Smith’s Point at its mouth, 
thence northeasterly across Chesapeake Bay to the southern end of 
Smith’s Island, and thence to the middle of Tangier Sound. Here 


154 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

the boundary runs south 10° 30' west, until it intersects a straight line 
connecting Smith’s Point and Watkins’ Point, and thence eastward 
through the center of Pocomoke Sound and Pocomoke Eiver until it 
reaches the westward prolongation of the old Scarborough and Calvert 
line surveyed in 1668, which it follows to the Atlantic Ocean. There 
is still some controversy as to the exact location of some of the boundary 
marks, especially in Pocomoke Sound where the oyster interests of 
Maryland and Virginia conflict. The states of Maryland and West 
Virginia have not yet agreed on the western terminus of this line. 

The western boundary of the State has not been Anally settled. 
According to the original charter, this line was to run due north from 
the first fountain ” of the Potomac Elver. The Vorth Branch was 
early regarded as the main stream but later surveys showed the South 
Branch to be longer than the North Branch. The Fairfax Stone ” 
supposed to be placed at the westernmost source of the North Branch, 
has been recently shown to be on a tributary of that stream. The real 
source is about one mile farther west, and this point has been recently 
marked by the State of Maryland with a monument known as the “ Poto¬ 
mac Stone.” A very crooked line run by Francis Deakins in 1787 from 
the Fairfax Stone is now claimed by West Virginia as the boundary line. 
Subsequently in 1860 a straight line was run by Lieut. N. Michler, U.S. 
A., from the same point. In 1897 W. McCulloh Brown and Dr. L. A. 
Bauer ran a straight line from the Potomac Stone. The questions at 
issue must be passed on by the Supreme Court of the Fnited States. 

Size. —The extreme width of the State from east to west is 340 miles, 
and the extreme length from north to south 135 miles, the latter, how¬ 
ever, narrowing toward the west where it becomes less than two miles 
at Hancock. Beyond this point it again broadens, although narrowing 
again at Cumberland to five miles. The total area within the limits of 
the State is estimated at 13,310 square miles, of which 9,891 square 
miles are land. The remaining 3,319 square miles are water, distri¬ 
buted as follows: Chesapeake Bay, 1,303; Chincoteague Bay, 93; smaller 
estuaries and streams, 1,033 square miles. 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


155 


Counties.— Maryland is divided into 23 counties and Baltimore City 
of which Garrett, Allegany, Washington, and the western part of Fred¬ 
erick comprise the mountainous region known as Western Maryland; 
the eastern part of Frederick, Carroll, Montgomery, Howard, Baltimore, 
Harford, and the western part of Cecil the Piedmont area, which is 
also referred to under the name of Northern-Central Maryland; Anne 
Arundel, Prince George’s, Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary’s, commonly 
called Southern Maryland; and the eastern part of Cecil, Kent, Queen 
Anne’s, Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, Wicomico, Somerset, and Wor¬ 
cester, known as Eastern Maryland. Of these twenty-three counties 
all but seven lie upon navigable waters. 

There seems to have been no consistent method adopted in erecting 
the several counties of the State. Some, like St. Mary’s and Kent, grew 


the population of the state by counties. 


Counties 

Date 

of 

Erection 

State 

Census 

1901 

Unit( 

1900 

5d States C 

1890 

ensus 

1880 

Area in 
sq. miles 

Allegany. 

1789 

63.304 

63,694 

41,671 

38,013 

440.5 

Anne Arundel ... 

1650 

34,791 

39,620 

34,094 

28,226 

430.4 

Baltimore. 

1669 

88,038 

90,765 

73,909 

83,336 

646.8 

Baltimore City... 

1739 1 
1861 i 

617,036 

508,967 

434,439 

383,313 

30.0 

Calvert. 

1664 

9,963 

10,333 

9,860 

10,638 

216.8 

Caroline. 

1726 

16,793 

16,248 

13,903 

13,766 

317.4 

Carroll. 

1838 

33,661 

33,860 

33,376 

30,993 

445.3 

Cecil —. 

1674 

24,460 

24,663 

25,861 

37,808 

374.6 

Charles. 

1660 

16,603 

17,663 

16,191 

18,548 

463.0 

Dorchester. 

1666 

28,393 

27,963 

28,843 

23,110 

673.2 

Frederick .. 

1748 

61,639 

61,930 

49,613 

60,483 

660.0 

Garrett. 

1873 

17,386 

17,701 

14,213 

12,175 

681.0 

Harford. 

1773 

38,307 

28,269 

28,993 

28.043 

439.8 

Howard. 

1860 

16,276 

16,716 

16,269 

16,140 

249.1 

Kent.. 

1637 

17,788 

18,786 

17,471 

17,606 

381.0 

Montgomery. 

1776 

29,166 

30,461 

37,186 

24,769 

617.6 

Prince George’s.. 

1696 

28,335 

29,898 

26,080 

26,451 

479.6 

Queen Anne’s.... 

1706 

18,668 

18,364 

18,461 

19,267 

363.4 

St. Mary’s. 

1637 

35,628 

17,183 

16,819 

16,934 

369.1 

Somerset. 

1668 

16,890 

36,923 

34,166 

21,668 

328.6 

Talbot. 

1661 

30,314 

20,343 

19,736 

19,066 

267.1 

Washington. 

1776 

44,491 

46,133 

39,783 

38,661 

457.3 

Wicomico. 

1867 

33,908 

22,863 

19,930 

18,016 

368.9 

Worcester. 

1743 

20,806 

20,866 

19,747 

19,639 

491.6 

The State. 

.... 

1,181,691 

1,188,044 

1,043,390 

934,943 

9,891.0 


County towns 


Cumberland 

Annapolis 

Towson 


Prince Frederick 

Denton 

Westminster 

Elkton 

La Plata 

Cambridge 

Frederick 

Oakland 

Belair 

Ellicott City 

Chestertown 

Eockville 

Upper Marlboro 

Centerville 

Leonardtown 

Princess Anne 

Easton 

Hagerstown 

Salisbury 

Snow Hill 

Annapolis 



















































156 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


with the development of the province and were subsequently bounded 
by the erection of new counties; others, like Charles and Dorchester, 
were erected by the ruling Lord Baltimore. Cecil County was erected 
by proclamation of the G-overnor while Washington, Montgomery, How¬ 
ard, and Wicomico were established in constitutional conventions. The 
great majority of counties were, however, erected by Acts of Assembly. 
The records now extant do not show the original extent or the exact 
date of erection of several of the counties but it is of interest to note 
that eighteen out of the twenty-three counties were established before 
the close of the Eevolutionary War and eleven of these before 1700. 
Baltimore City, since 1851 has not been in any county but unlike any 
other American city except Greater Hew York is a distinct division of 
the State. 


total population at various periods. 


Year 

1634 

1660 

1671 

1701 

1715 

1748 

1766 

1760 

1770 

Population 

200 

13,000 

20,000 

26.000 

30,000 

130,000 

164,188 

166,623 

199,827 


Year 

1776 

1782 

1790 

1800 

1810 

1820 

1830 

1840 

Population 

226,000 

264,0.50 

319,728 

341,648 

380,646 

407,360 

447,040 

470,019 


Year 

1860 

1870 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 

Population 

638,034 

687,049 

780,894 

934,943 

1,043,390 

1,188,044 


The counties of Maryland, unlike those of many other states, are the 
ultimate units of territory and not the combination of townships. 
This fact together with the paucity of large towns and the agricultural 
character of the communities have made the counties as such of unusual 
importance in all political and social relations. Election districts are 
established in all the counties. 

History.— Maryland was settled by a party of Englishmen under 
Leonard Calvert, who left the mother country in the Ark and Dove ” 



















































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


157 


in 1633, and finally landed near the mouth of the Potomac, on the 
shores of St. Mar/s Kiver, in 1634. The proprietor, Cecilius Calvert, 
second Baron of Baltimore, received the territory from Charles I, under 
a charter which allowed many liberties, including freedom from taxation 
by the King. In 1649 the colonists established these privileges by the 
“ Toleration AcK’ which forbade discrimination on account of religious 
opinions. The Puritans from Virginia sought refuge in Maryland, and 
in 1653 even captured the State government for a period. 



About this time the Duke of York (afterwards James II), through 
ignorance of the country, deeded to William Penn some of the land 
which had already been given to Lord Baltimore. This mistake led to 
a long border dispute which only ended with the location of the Mason 
and Dixon Line (1763-1767). In 1694 the capital of the State was 
moved from St. Mary’s City to Annapolis. 

During the Eevolutionary War no important military operations took 
place in Maryland, although the “ Maryland Line ” fought with valor 
in many engagements, especially those of Long Island, Camden, Cow- 
pens, Guilford, and Eutaw Springs. On December 33, 1783, Washing- 






























158 Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


ton resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the army in the 
Senate chamber at Annapolis where the Continental Congress was then 
in session. 

During the War of 1812 several Maryland towns were pillaged by the 
British, l)nt Baltimore was saved from plunder by the repulse of the 
enemy at ISTorth Point and Fort McHenry. It was during the bom¬ 
bardment of the latter place that Francis Scott Key wrote “ The Star- 
spangled Banner.’’ 

Among the battles of the Civil War three were fought on Maryland 
soil, South Mountain (September 14, 1862), Sharpsburg, or Antietam 
(September 16-17, 1862), and Monocacy (July 9, 1864). There were 
also small conflicts at many points, especially along the Potomac. 

In the history of the State are many incidents which have since 
become of national or international importance. The first wheat was 
shipped to Europe from Baltimore in 1771; the first regular steam- 
packet that crossed the Atlantic direct from the United States sailed 
from Baltimore in May, 1838; while the Morse telegraph line trans¬ 
mitted its first message (^^What hath God wrought”) from Baltimore 
to Washington, April 9, 1844. Baltimore was the first city in America 
to have a water company (1792), street gaslights, a railroad (1828), 
and an electric street railroad (1881). The city contains the first 
American monument to Columbus, the first official state monument 
to George Washington, the oldest American lodge of the Independent 
Order of Odd Fellows, and the oldest College of Dental Surgery. 

The earliest settlers in Maryland were Englishmen, whose descend- 
ents are now scattered all over the State, and comprise the leading ele¬ 
ment in the population. Many of the early settlers in the country 
adjacent to Pennsylvania were of German extraction, and their descend- 
ents are to-day numerous and influential. Kext in importance are the 
negroes who comprise one-fifth of the population and who are relatively 
more prominent in Charles, Calvert, and St. Mary’s counties, where 
they compose fully one-half of the population; and least important in 
the western cormties along the Mason and Dixon Line, where there is 
only one negro, on the average, to fourteen whites. In Baltimore, Cecil, 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


159 


and Harford counties, the negroes comprise one-sixth of the popula¬ 
tion, while in the counties of the eastern and western shore, not pre¬ 
viously enumerated, they form about two-fifths of the entire population. 
During the last twenty-five years there has been a great increase in the 
Polish, Hungarian, and Bohemian inhabitants, who have settled chiefly 
in Baltimore City. 

Maryland has always been a religious center. As early as 1629 ser¬ 
vices were regularly conducted on Kent Island by an ordained minister 



Fig. 2.—Map of Maryland showing the Density of Population by Counties. 


of the Church of England. The first Presb 5 derian Church in America 
was established at Snow Hill about 1700, and in 1766 Eobert Straw- 
bridge established the first Methodist congregation in America in Car- 
roll, then Frederick County. Many of the most prominent of the early 
settlers were Eoman Catholics, and the See of Baltimore has held the 
first position in America since the decree of 1858. There are 59 de¬ 
nominations or sects represented in Maryland, and although many of 
them are scattered throughout the State they show local variations in 
strength, which are often closely related to the history, beliefs, and 
nationalities of the early settlers. 
































160 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

State Government.— The present government of the State of Mary¬ 
land is based on a Constitution formulated and ratified in 1867. Earlier 
constitutions were adopted in 1776, 1851, 1864, and the constitution 
of 1776 was very much changed in 1837. According to the present 
Constitution the State is divided into 23 counties and Baltimore City, 
which in turn are subdivided into districts for school and election pur¬ 
poses. There are no' units such as townships, but the local affairs of the 
cities, towns, and villages are carried on by officers in accordance with 
charters and special acts. 

Among the State officials under the Constitution of 1867 are the 
Governor, elected for four years, and the Secretary of State, who is ap¬ 
pointed by the Governor. The Senate and House of Delegates, which 
together form the General Assembly or Legislature, consist of 27 Sena¬ 
tors elected for four years, one from each of the 23 counties and the 
four districts of Baltimore City, and 101 Delegates, elected for two 
years. Each of the legislative districts of Baltimore is entitled to six 
Delegates, the number allowed the largest county. The Assembly meets 
every other year, on the first Wednesday in January, and may remain 
in session only 90 days. At the call of the Governor a special session may 
he held, which is limited by law to 30 days. 

The judicial powers of the State are vested in a Court of Appeals 
composed of eight judges; Circuit Court with eight chief judges, seven 
of whom are the judges of the Court of Appeals, and twenty-two asso¬ 
ciate judges, eight of the latter with one chief judge, who is not a mem¬ 
ber of the Court of Appeals, constituting the Supreme Bench of Balti¬ 
more City; and Orphans’ Court with sevent 3 i^-two judges. The Appeal 
and Circuit Court judges are elected for fifteen years, the judges of the 
Orphans’ Court for four, the registrars of wills for six, and the sheriffs 
for two. The Attorney-General of the State and the State’s Attorneys 
are elected for four years. Justices of the peace, constables, coroners, 
and notaries are appointed by the Governor. 

Among other prominent State officials are the Comptroller, who is 
the financier for the State, and who is elected by the people for two 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE II 


I 



VIEW OF THE STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS. 


i 






162 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

years; and the Treasurer, who is the banker and who is elected by the 
General Assembly for a two-year term. 

The more important State organizations are the Board of Public 
Works, Militia, Pishery Force, Land Office, State Agricultural Experi¬ 
ment Station, State Geological Survey with its Highway Division, 
State Weather Service, State Horticultural Bureau, Bureau of Indus¬ 
trial Statistics, Immigration Bureau, Board of Education, Board of 
Health, Boards of Medical Examiners, Examiners of Dental Surgery, 
State Lunacy Commission, Live Stock Sanitary Board, and the Fish 
Commission. 

Education.— The educational history of the State dates back to 
1696, when Governor Francis Hicholson established the first public 
school at Annapolis, now St. John’s College. The State schools were 
brought under the general supervision of the State Board of Education 
in 1864, and are now supported by State and local taxation. A State 
Superintendent of Schools was provided for by the General Assembly of 
1900. The State schools also include a Hormal School for teachers, 
schools for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind. Baltimore is the 
educational center of the State. In this city are located the ,Tohns 
Hopkins University and Medical School, Maryland University, Peabody 
Institute, The Woman’s College of Baltimore, Maryland Institute, St. 
Mary’s Seminary, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore Medi¬ 
cal College, Maryland College of Pharmacy, Baltimore College of Den¬ 
tal Surgery, and many others. 

Within the limits of the State are also the Maryland Agricultural 
College at College Park, St. John’s College at Annapolis, Washington 
College at Chestertown, Mt. St. ]\Iary’s College at Emmitsburg, Western 
i\Iaryland College at Westminster, and many smaller institutions. 


HISTOEY OF INTESTIGATIONS EEGAEDIYG TPIE PHYSICAL 
FEATURES OF THE STATE. 


The study of the physical features of Maryland began at a very early 
period and has continued almost uninterruptedly to the present day. 
The resources of the State early attracted attention and there was no 
colony more conspicuous than Maryland for its varied natural wealth 
and the unparalleled transportation facilities afforded by the Chesa¬ 
peake Bay and its numerous estuaries. 

Early Investigations.— The first account of the physical character¬ 
istics of the Maryland area is given by Captain John Smith in The 
General Historie of Virginia ” as the result of explorations which he 
made of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries in the year 1608. The 
shores of the Bay were surveyed by him as far as the Susquehanna 
River and the Potomac River was ascended to the falls above George¬ 
town. The map which Captain Smith prepared shows with remarka¬ 
ble correctness the outlines of the regions which he visited and was the 
basis of most cartographic work for the next two centuries. 

x4n important publication entitled A Relation of Maryland ” was 
published in 1635 in which a description is given of the agricultural 
soils and the minerals observed by the first settlers. From this it is 
evident that bricks were made from the very settlement of the province 
out of the clays of the region and that the iron ore which later afforded 
the basis for one of the most important industries of colonial times was 
already observed. The marl also was used to enrich the soil and cer¬ 
tain of the better clays were employed in the making of simple pottery. 

In 1670 Augustin Herman, a Bohemian engineer, published his map 
of Maryland which had been prepared at the request of Lord Baltimore, 
and in return for which he obtained Bohemia Manor on the Eastern 
Shore. The map represents many portions of the country unvisited 
bv Smith, although in many particulars it marks no advance over that 
of the latter. 


164 Makylanu at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


With the increase in the nnmber of colonists and the gradual settle¬ 
ment of the country, wider knowledge was gained regarding the phys¬ 
ical features of Maryland; new industries were opened up and the older 
ones still further extended so that before the close of the seventeenth 
century Maryland became one of the most progressive of the colonies in 
the development of her natural resources. 

During the eighteenth century the natural resources of Maryland 
were still further explored and many important industries established, 
Maryland ranking among the foremost of the colonies in the production 
both of iron and copper. The Assembly in 1719 passed an Act for the 
encouragement of the iron industry in which it is stated “ that there 
are very great conveniences for carrying on of iron works within this 
province, which have not hitherto been embraced for want of proper 
encouragement to some first class undertakers.” 

One of the most important factors in the development of the iron 
industry was the organization in 1722 of the Principio Company, which 
in that year commenced the erection of a furnace in Cecil County near 
the mouth of Principio Creek. This company was composed of English 
gentlemen of wealth who were familiar with iron maiiufacture in the 
old countiy. At an early date in the history of this enterprise, probably 
1725, Augustine and Lawrence Washington, the father and half-brother 
of the future President of the United States, became interested in the 
company, which soon outranked all others in America in the manufac¬ 
ture of pig and bar iron, being the proprietor of three furnaces and two 
forges in Maryland and one furnace in ALrginia. 

Many other companies were organized for the working of the iron 
deposits prior to the Eevolution. A Baltimore company, which was 
incorporated in 1723, built a furnace at the mouth of GwynWs Falls. 
A blast furnace in Harford County was built about 1760. In 1761 the 
Governor and Council of Maryland reported to the Commissioners of 
the Board of Trade and Plantations in England that there were eigh¬ 
teen furnaces and ten forges in the State, which made 2,500 tons of 
pig iron per year. 

Just prior to the beginning of the Eevolution several furnaces were 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


165 


built in central Maryland, among them being the Catoctin furnace in 
Frederick County. Bishop says that during the Eevolutionary War 
there were seventeen or eighteen forges in operation in Maryland in 
addition to the furnaces and other iron works. These furnaces and 
forges were built mostly on the tributaries of Chesapeake Bay. They 
were all of the same type, using charcoal for fuel with cold blast and 
applying the power of the blow-cylinder by water-wheels. Some of 
these furnaces, especially the Catoctin furnace, furnished guns and 
projectiles for the Continental army. 

During these years attempts were also made to discover and develop 
other mineral products. In a letter from Philemon Lloyd to Lord 
Baltimore and co-partners in 1722 the writer speaks of the discovery 
of copper ore and other minerals. A report made by the Governor and 
Council to the Board of Trade of London in 1748 states among other 
things that there are in the Province great shews of copper in many 
places, but of the several attempts that have been made to discover 
veins of that metal none has yet been made that quitted cost.’’ It was 
probably shortly after this that a party of English miners opened the 
Liberty and Mineral Hill mines. They built a small smelting furnace 
on the Deer Park tract of land near the latter mine where they smelted 
the ores, and must have produced considerable quantities of copper, as 
shown by the large amount of rich slags and residue left at the furnace, 
which nearly a century later were hauled to Baltimore and profitably 
reworked. Operations at these mines ceased for a time with the open¬ 
ing of the Eevolution. 

In various letters to Lord Baltimore during the period above described, 
references are made to the natural resources of the State and accounts are 
given of the different types of rock, of the condition of the soils, and of 
the general character of the countr}^ based particularly on more ex¬ 
tended explorations of the central and western portions of the colony. 
Before the opening of the Eevolution there was already a wide acquaint¬ 
ance with the broader features of the physiography and mineral products 
of Maryland. 

The controversy regarding the northern boundary of the State which 


166 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

was finally determined by the survey of Mason and Dixon, already de¬ 
scribed, also added much to the existing knowledge regarding the phys¬ 
ical features of the State. 

The years following the Eevolutionary War witnessed the gradual de¬ 
velopment of the modern science of geology. At first the methods were 
crude, but already some years before the organization of the first survey 
of the State, geolog}' had come to take a leading position among the 
sciences. It was only during the last decade of this period that anything 
like modern methods of classification and of cartographic representation 
of geological formations came to be generally adopted, yet during these 
years much was done in the elucidation of the geology of Maryland. 
The first observations on the geology of Maryland during this early 
period were made by Tbomas Jefferson and published in his ‘‘ Notes on 
Virginia’’ in 1782. 

A contribution of much importance was made by Wm. Maclure of 
Philadelphia in 1809 to the American Philosophical Society entitled, 
“ Observations' on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a 
geological map,” in which we have the first attempt at a correlation of 
American formations with those of Europe, the Wernerian classification 
being adopted. 

In 1810 Dr. H. H. Hayden presented a “ Mineralogical and Geological 
Description of the Country Surrounding Baltimore,” in which an area 
extending about nine miles from tbe city and including the region of 
the Bare Hills, is considered; and in 1814 Eobert Gilmor, Jr., published 
“ A Descriptive Catalogue of ]\Iinerals occurring in the vicinity of Balti¬ 
more, arranged according to the distribution methodique of Hauy,” in 
which he enumerates forty-three minerals found within a distance of 12 
miles of the city. 

Dr. Hayden published in Baltimore in 1820 a most interesting volume, 
entitled “ Geological Essays; or an Inquiry into some of the Geological 
Phenomena to be found in various parts of America and elsewhere,” in 
which numerous Maryland localities are cited, especially in the vicinity 
of Baltimore, in support of the theories which he advanced. Among 
other interesting facts he mentions the finding of mastodon teeth in 
Maryland. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


167 


An important contribution to the stratigraphy of the Coastal Plain 
formations of Maryland was made by Professor John Finch in a Geo¬ 
logical Essay on the Tertiary Formations in America/’ in the American 
Journal of Science and Arts for 1824. This was the first attempt at a 
correlation of the deposits of the Coastal Plain on scientific grounds, 
and although thus early in the history of the subject minute comparisons, 
which were not justified by the facts, were made, yet the knowledge of 
the Maryland Tertiary formations was materially advanced. In this 
article Professor Finch objects to Maclure’s use of the term alluvium ” 
and shows that the formations so called are contemporaneous with the 
newer Secondary and Tertiary formations ” of other parts of the world. 

During the same year Thomas Say of Philadelphia presented “ An 
Account of some of the Fossil Shells of Maryland,” in which he describes 
and figures many new species, although he draws few geological infer¬ 
ences from the organic remains examined. 

Another contribution of some moment is “ An Account of the Exami¬ 
nation and Surveys, with Remarks and Documents Relative to the Pro¬ 
jected Chesapeake and Ohio, and Lake Erie Canals,” which was pub¬ 
lished by James Shriver in Baltimore in 1824. This pamphlet includes 
remarks on the minerals and rocks of the area traversed: 

In Robinson’s “ Catalogue of American Minerals, with their locali¬ 
ties,” published in Boston in 1825, several pages are devoted to Maryland 
minerals. 

The publication of an article by Dr. T. A. Conrad of Philadelphia 
“ On the Geology and Organic Remains of a part of the Peninsula of 
Maryland ” in 1830 marks the beginning of a new epoch in the study 
of l\Iaryland geology. * Unlike his predecessors, Conrad from the first 
applied the paleontological evidence he possessed to an interpretation of 
the stratigraphy; and although many of his conclusions were erroneous, 
still the knowledge of the geology of the Coastal Plain was very materially 
advanced by the methods which he introduced. During this and subse¬ 
quent years Conrad added largely to the knowledge of the Tertiary faunas 
of Maryland and Aurginia. 

During the same year Philip T. Tyson published his Uotice of some 


168 Maeyland at the Louisiana Pueohase Exposition 


Localities of Minerals in the counties of Baltimore and Harford, Md.,” 
in the American Journal of Science and Arts. Maryland is indebted to 
many important contributions from his pen from this time forward. 

The close of the period prior to the organizations of the First Geolog¬ 
ical Survey of Maryland found much interest developed in the study of 
the geology of the State and at this early day considerable knowledge had 
been gained regarding the geological deposits. 

Fiest State Geological Suevey, 1833-42.—The General Assembly 
of Maryland in 1833 passed resolutions authorizing the Governor and 
Council to appoint an Engineer and a Geologist, the former to report on 
a plan and drawing for a complete map of Maryland,^’ etc., and the 
latter on the probable cost of a Geological Survey of the State.” In 
connection therewith they were authorized to collect all available in¬ 
formation and make such researches as were necessary to that end. 
J. H. Alexander was appointed Engineer and J. T. Ducatel, Geologist. 

In 1834 ^^An Act to provide for making a new and complete Map 
and Geological Survey of this State ” was passed by the General Assembly 
and the same men were continued as Engineer and Geologist respectively. 
Although the work on the State map was greatly interfered with by 
legislation requiring special surveys, Alexander completed about 1840 
a topographical map of the State on the scale of 1; 200,000 with 50-foot 
contour lines to the east of the Monocacy Eiver and 100-foot contour 
lines to the west of that stream. Several special topographical maps 
had been completed prior to this time, among them one of Dorchester, 
Somerset, and Worcester counties on the scale of 1:211,200 with 4-foot 
contour lines in 1835 and published in the report of the Geologist for 
that year; and another of St. Mary\ Charles, and part of Prince George’s 
counties on the scale of 1: 200,000 with 10-foot contour lines, which was 
likewise employed by the Geologist in the same publication as a base for 
his geological data. The topographic work has peculiar interest to-day 
since it represents the first attempt of any State to carry on a topographic 
survey. 

The geological investigations were extended over the greater portion 
of the State and small annual reports were issued by Ducatel until 1841, 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


169 


the offices of Engineer and Geologist being abolished in February, 1842. 
The last report of the Geologist dealt with the important resources of 
the western section of the State, then just coming to be recognized for 
the first time. In addition to the work of the State Geologist, before 
described, a pamphlet was prepared in 1836 by James C. Booth upon the 
coal lands of a portion of the Georges Creek basin, and in the succeed¬ 
ing year further contributions were made by Philip T. Tyson and D. Y. 
Douglas. Tyson also prepared at this time A Descriptive Catalogue of 
the principal minerals of the State of Maryland,’^ which was published 
in the Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature. 

During the latter years of the existence of the State Survey, Dr. Con¬ 
rad made further contributions to the Tertiary geology and paleontology 
of Maryland, describing numerous fossils from the Calvert Cliffs. Cor¬ 
relations were also made of the Eocene deposits of Upper Marlboro, Port 
Washington, and other localities. 

After the organization of the Maryland Geological Survey the neigh¬ 
boring states of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Delaware followed the same 
course, the survey of Virginia being organized in 1835 under W. B. 
Eogers, that of Pennsylvania in 1836 under H. D. Kogers, and that of 
Delaware in 1839 under J. C. Booth. The investigations carried on by 
these surveys along the borders of Maryland were of much importance in 
deciphering the geological structure of the formations of Maryland as 
well. The work of the Eogers brothers particularly to the north and 
south of Maryland had an important bearing upon the development of 
knowledge regarding the geology of the State of Maryland and the 
results of their work are still frequently employed by those seeking 
information regarding the geological structure of the State. 

Investigations to Outbreak of Civil War. —After the termination 
of the Geological Survey little was done in the study of the geology of 
the State for several years. Dr. Conrad continued his study of the 
Maryland and A'irginia Tertiary faunas. This period was also marked 
by a visit of Sir Charles Lyell, the eminent English geologist, to the 
Carboniferous area of Western Maryland, an account of which is given 
in his volume of travels in America published in 1845. About this time 


170 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Professor James Hall of Albany, Hew AMrk, secured large collections 
of Silurian and Devonian fossils from the Cumberland region, many of 
which were figured and described in the first volume of the Paleontology 
of Hew Amrk, published in 1847. 

Important work was going on during this period in the neighboring 
State of Pennsylvania under H. D. Eogers the State Geologist, which 
was of much value in determining the classification and distribution of 
the geological formations of central and western Maryland. The final 
report of this Survey appeared in 1858 and it is still an important source 
of information. The Survey of Virginia under W. B. Eogers had a 
much shorter existence and had already terminated before the abolition 
of the Maryland organization. 

The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey began its surveys in Maryland in 
1844 in the vicinity of Baltimore and from that time down to the present 
day has with some intermissions been almost continuously engaged in 
work in klaryland territory. 

In 1848 the State made provisions for a State A,gricultural Chemist, 
the first incumbent of the office being Dr. James Higgins. His work 
possessed little of geological interest, but he was succeeded in 1858 by 
]\Ir. Philip T. Tyson, Avho devoted a large part of his time to geologicaJ 
investigations, believing as he stated in his First Eeport published in 
1860, that “ from what is now known of the origin and character of soils, 
we must conclude that the very foundation of any intelligent and prac¬ 
tical application of science to agriculture in any region, must consist 
of a thorough investigation of its geological and mineral constitution.” 
In this same report Tyson published the first colored geological map of 
the State on the scale of 12 miles to an inch, that was by far the most 
complete representation of Maryland’s geology that had been attempted 
up to that time. A second report was published in 1862 in which further 
attention is given to the mineral resources of the State. In this latter 
year the office of State Agricultural Chemist was abolished. 

Investigation subsequent to Civil War until 1880.—The Mary¬ 
land Academy of Sciences Avas established in 1863 with Mr. Philip T. 
Tyson as its first president. Much interest continued to be shoAvn by him 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


171 


in the geology of the State which has been maintained by his co-worker 
and successor, Dr. Philip E. Uhler, who in later years frequently contrib¬ 
uted articles regarding the mineral characteristics of the area. 

The Maryland Agricultural College and Experiment Station, the for¬ 
mer established in 1856, and greatly strengthened by Federal action in 
1862 and subsequently, have in the years since the Civil War taken an 
active and important part in the study of the agricultural possibilities 
of the State. 

Among tiie more important private contributions to the knowledge of 
the geology of the State during this period were those made by Dr. 
Conrad and his colleagues of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences who 
continued their studies of the younger formations of the State, and Dr. 
James Hall of Albany who continued his elaborate studies of the Paleo¬ 
zoic fossils of the Appalachian region and who published in the Eejiorts 
of the Hew York Geological Survey numerous figures and descriptions 
of Western Maryland forms. 

In 1876 the H. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey made a survey of Balti¬ 
more harbor and its approaches, the General Assembly having appro¬ 
priated $5000 for the purpose. In 1886-87 the earlier work was sup¬ 
plemented by a verification of the triangulation and its adjustment to 
more recent computations. Work in other sections of the State was also 
in progress during this period which resulted in published charts that 
have added much to our knowledge of the topography and hydrography of 
the lands and waters of the Chesapeake Bay region and its larger 
tributaries. 

Investigations from 1880 to organization of present State 
Geological Survey. —The organization of the Johns Hopkins Univer¬ 
sity in 1876 inaugurated a new period of scientific activity in Maryland 
that has meant much for the material advancement of the State. The 
authorities from the start recognized the inpiortance of a thorough study 
of the physical characteristics of the region adjacent to Baltimore as 
well as of the State. The organization of the Chesapeake Zoological 
Laboratory in the summer of 1878 under the immediate charge of 
Dr. W. K. Brooks marked the beginning of systematic work in this 


172 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

direction. A close association with the Maryland Fish Commission 
was effected and in 1879 the laboratory was stationed at Crisfield where 
an excellent opportunity was afforded for the special study of the oyster 
beds of the Chesapeake. The results of this work were subsequently 
published as a report of the Maryland Fish Commission in a volume 
entitled “ The Development of the American Oyster.” 

In 1880 the Baltimore Naturalist’s Field Club was organized under 
the direction of Professor H. N. Martin of the University for the study 
of the fauna, flora, geologiy and physical geography of the neighborhood 
of Baltimore. The club was founded in order to meet the recognized 
want in the city of some organization for the active promotion of field 
work in natural history.” All members of the University and resi¬ 
dents of Baltimore of known attainments as naturalists were eligible 
for election to the club. x4n outcome of the work of the field club was 
the preparation in 1884 of an excursion map of Baltimore and its 
neighborhood by Mr. iV. L. Webster, a student of the University who had 
formerly been a topographer of the United State Geological Survey. 

The Geological Department was organized in 1883 when Dr. George 
H. Williams began his connection with the institution as an instructor 
in mineralogy. His appointment marks the beginning of a period of 
investigation of the geology and mineral resources of the State that 
has been carried on by his associates and successors continuously to 
the present day. It is certainly not claiming too much to say that 
this period is by fax the most important in the study of the physical 
features of Maryland. 

Almost from the first the members of the geological department have 
carried on their investigations in close co-operation with the United 
States Geological Survey and frequently as members of its staff. The 
results obtained have received wide publicity, and have greatly benefited 
the State. 

The investigations of Dr. Williams were largely devoted to the crys¬ 
talline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau lying to the north and west of 
Baltimore, which through his labors has become classic ground in 
microscopical petrography. Many articles were published by Dr. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


173 


Williams on the geology of the State from 1883 until his death in 
1894. 

In 1887 Dr. W. B. Clark became associated with the University as 
instructor of stratigraphic geology and paleontology and at once took 
up a study of the geological formations of the Coastal Plain district 
in the eastern and southern counties of the State. 

The preparation of a book upon Maryland which should properly 
set forth its resources; industries, and institutions was intrusted in 
1892 by the Board of World’s Fair Commissioners to members of the 
faculty of the Johns Hopkins University; those portions relating to the 
physical features and mineral resources being prepared by Professor 
Williams and Professor Clark. This summary of the physiography, 
geology, and mineral wealth of the State was the most complete state¬ 
ment which had been prepared up to that time. The full volume ap¬ 
peared in 1893, although special portions had been published from time 
to time by the authors in scientific journals. 

Dr. Edward B. Mathews who had been appointed instructor in 
mineralogy and petrography in 1894 took up the work of Professor 
Williams in the Piedmont Plateau, devoting his attention especially to' 
the northern counties of the belt. 

Since the year 1896 the investigations of the instructors and students 
of the Johns Hopkins University have been so closely identified with 
the work of the Maryland Geological Survey that it is not necessary to 
describe the researches in detail smce most of the results have been 
published in the volumes of the Survey. 

The United States Geological Survey which was organized in 1879 
initiated work in Maryland in 1883. Attention was chiefiy directed at 
the start to the preparation of a topographic map of the region as 
part of a plan for a map of the United States. A good deal of prelimi¬ 
nary work was done from time to time during the next thirteen years 
until the organization of the Maryland Geological Survey when a sys¬ 
tematic joint survey of the State was inaugurated, nearly all of the old 
maps having been since that time resurveyed. 

Geological work was also carried on by the United States Geological 


174 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Survey in various portions of the State ehiefly in co-operation with the 
instructors of the Johns Hopkins University. A number of the mem¬ 
bers of the National Survey were also engaged in the study of various 
problems within the State including Messrs. W. J. McGee and H. H. 
Darton in the Coastal Plain and Mr. Arthur Keith in the Catoctin and 
Blue Eidge district. 

Hydrographic work was commenced by the United States Geological 
Survey in Maryland in 1891 by a study of the Potomac Eiver. This 
work was still further extended in 1896 by the establishment of stations 
on other streams in co-operation with the Maryland State Weather 
Service. Since the publication of the first annual tabulation of the 
mineral resources of the United States in 1883, the United States 
Geological Survey has each year given an account of the Maryland out¬ 
put, its information in later years being largely based on the work of 
the Maryland Geological Survey which has yearly collected the statistics. 

The U. S. Weather Bureau has also done much for many years in 
the study of the climate of the State, its Baltimore ofiice being the 
headquarters of a Section Director who, in co-operation with the Mary¬ 
land State Weather Service which was organized in 1892, has system¬ 
atically by the means of local observers throughout the State secured 
daily observations regarding the temperature and rainfall as well as 
frequent reports regarding the condition of the crops. This informa¬ 
tion has been published at frequent intervals by the joint services, 
the State Bureau also issuing an elaborate monograph on the climate 
of the State in 1899. 

Investigations of Present State Geological Surveit, 1896 to 
date. —^The Maryland Geological Survey was inaugurated in 1896 by 
the passage of an act by the General Assembly entitled ‘‘ An Act to 
establish a State Geological and Economic Survey, and to make provi¬ 
sion for the preparation and publication of reports and maps to illus¬ 
trate the natural resources of the State, together with the necessary 
investigations preparatory thereto.” In 1898 and again in 1904 further 
acts were passed adding to the scope of the work as originally con¬ 
templated. The investigations now cover a wide variety of subjects 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


175 


including topography, geology, agricultural soils, climate, hydrography, 
terrestrial magnetism and forestry, as well as highway engineering. 
Peports covering all these subjects are issued from time to time as de¬ 
sirable material is collected. Ten volumes and many maps have already 
been published. 

The topographic surveying which is carried on in co-operation with 
the United States Geological Survey, each organization contributing an 
equal amount to the support of the work, has now been completed for 
Garrett, Allegany, Baltimore, Harford, Prince George’s, Calvert, St. 
IMary’s, Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne’s, Caroline, Talbot, Dorchester, Wicom¬ 
ico, Somerset, and Worcester counties, while portions of the remaining 
counties have also been surveyed. Kearly all of this work has been done 
since the organization of the State Survey as the earlier maps of the 
United States Geological Survey have in nearly every case either been 
fully revised or resurveyed. Many of the old maps were on too small 
a scale to meet the many demands made on them and the work at best 
was only considered of a preliminary character. 

The geological work is now completed for somewhat over one-half of 
the State and follows as fast as possible the preparation of the topo¬ 
graphic base maps on Avhich the results are platted. A number of 
economic reports have been published including those on the building 
and decorative stones, the clays, and the coals, the three leading mineral 
products of the State. Systematic reports are complete for the Devonian, 
Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene, those for the Eocene and 
[Miocene having already been published. 

The highway work which was authorized by the General Assembly in 
1898 was at first in the nature of an investigation of the highway 
needs of the State. The existing conditions were fully investigated, the 
amount of traffic studied, and plans prepared to meet the present re¬ 
quirements for a modern system of roads. The available materials 
throughout the State were carefully studied with a view to their use 
in road construction. At the request of the county authorities, surveys 
for intended improvements were made and plans and specifications fur¬ 
nished to many of the counties. The authorities came gradually to 


176 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

depend largely on the advice and help of the Survey’s engineers. This 
work continued for six years^, three biennial reports being issued during 
the period, until 1904 when a State Aid Highway Act was passed adding 
still further to the powers of the Geological Survey. Hnder this act 
$200,000 annually were appropriated by the State to meet one-half the 
expense of the roads built under the plans and specifications of the 
Highway Division of the Survey. Eighteen out of the 23 counties of 
the State applied the first year, the law becoming operative January 
1, 1905, for aid under the act. and of these 14 went forward with the 
actual construction of the highways. By the terms of the act roads 
of a permanent nature must be built and the materials selected have 
been either crushed stone, gravel, or oyster shells, as the local condi¬ 
tions required. 

The preparation of agricultural-soil maps has gone forward year by 
year in co-operation wuth the Bureau of Soils of the United States 
Department of Agriculture and maps have been completed for nearly 
one-half of the State. Measurements of the various streams have also 
been made by co-operation with the Hydrographic Division of the 
United States Geological Survey, permanent gages being maintained 
on all the leading water courses. Eorestry studies have also been 
taken up in co-operation with the United States Eorest Service and 
forestry maps have been completed for nearly one-half the State and 
will ultimately form the basis for progressive and intelligent forestry 
development. The magnetic declination has been studied for all sec¬ 
tions of the State and north and south lines have been established at 
all of the county seats for the aid of the surveyors of each district. 
Tables of magnetic variation have been furnished the county authorities 
so that the metes and bounds of all land surveys can be readily verified 
where monuments are still extant. 

An important service has been rendered by the State Geological Sur¬ 
vey in the preparation of mineral exhibits for the Buffalo, Charleston, 
and St. Louis Expositions at all of which the State has received the 
highest praise and frequently greater recognition in this department 
than any other State in the country. At Buffalo the only Gold Medal 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 17~ 



awarded to any State for its exhibits of mineral resources was obtained 
by Maryland; at Charleston, where a larger number of medals were 
awarded, Maryland obtained twice the number of Cold Medals received 
by any other State in this department; and at St. Louis a Grand Prize 
and many Gold .Medals were received for the elaborate display made by 
this department of the State government. 

In 1900 the Governor of the State appointed the State Geologist a 
Commissioner on behalf of the State of Maryland to take charge of the 
resurvey of the Mason and Dixon line. An engineer of the TJnited 
States Coast and Geodetic Survey was placed in charge of the field 
party and this work has now been completed and will add materially to 
the knowledge of the topography and other physical characteristics of 
the area adjacent to the northern boundary of the State. 


PHYSIOGEAPHY. 


The State of Maryland forms a portion of the Atlantic slope which 
stretches from the crest of the Alleghanies to the sea, and which is di- 
\dded into three more or less sharply defined regions known as the 
Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau, and the Appalachian Region. 
These three districts follow the Atlantic border of the United States in 
three belts of varying width from Yew England southward to the 
Gulf. Maryland is, therefore, closely related in its ph 3 ^siographic fea¬ 
tures to the states which lie to the north and south of it, while its 
central location on the Atlantic border renders the Mar}dand section 
perhaps the most characteristic in this broad tract. In crossing the 
three districts from the ocean border the country rises at first gradually 
and then more rapidly until it culminates in the highlands of the 
western portion of the State. The particular characteristics of each 
district will be fully discussed in the following pages. 

The physical features of a country to no inconsiderable degree deter¬ 
mine the pursuits of its inhabitants, and these indirectly affect their 
social, political, and financial welfare. The residents of mountainous 
districts have their peculiar occupations, while those of the low lands 
find their employment in other ways. In regions bordering the sea or 
inland bodies of water still other means of livelihood are sought by the 
people. The character of the soil and its adaptability to particular 
crops become also important factors, while the underlying rocks, not 
only by their influence upon the conditions of .life already described, but 
also by their inherent wealth in mineral resources, still further influence 
the well-being of the community. It becomes necessary, therefore, to 
know something of the physical features of a country, or a State, if 
one Avould understand its past history or indicate the lines of its future 
prosperity. 


]\rARYLAND AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 


179 


Coastal Plain. 

The Coastal Plain is the name applied to the low and partially sub¬ 
merged surface of varying width extending from Cape Cod southward 
through Florida and confined between the Piedmont Plateau on the west 
and the margin of the continental shelf on the east. The line of de- 
markation between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Plateau is 
sinuous and ill-defined for the one passes over into the other oftentimes 
with insensible topographic gradations, although the origin of the Wo 



Fig. 3.—Map of Maryland showing the Physiographic Provinces. 


districts is quite different. A convenient, although somewhat arbitrary, 
boundary between the two regions is furnished in Maryland by the Balti¬ 
more and Ohio Eailroad in its extension from Wilmington southwest- 
ward through Baltimore to Washington. The eastern limit of the 
Coastal Plain is at the edge of the continental shelf. In the vicinity 
of Maryland this is located about 100 miles off shore at a depth of 100 
fathoms beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. It is in reality the 
submerged border of the Worth American continent which extends sea¬ 
ward with a gently-sloping surface to the 100 fathom line. At this 
point there is a rapid descent to a depth of 3000 fathoms where the 
continental rise gives place to the oceanic abyss. 



















180 


Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


THE DIVISIONS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN. 

The Coastal Plain, therefore, falls naturally into two divisions, a 
submerged or suhmwnne division and an emerged or suhaerial division. 
The seashore is the boundary line which separates them. This line of 
demarkation, although apparently fixed, is in reality very changeable, 
for during the geologic ages which are past it has migrated back and 
forth across the Coastal Plain, at one time occupying a position well 
over on the Piedmont Plateau, and at another far out to sea. At the 
present time there is reason to believe that the sea is encroaching on 
the land by the slow subsidence of the latter, but a few generations 
of men is too short a period in which to measure this change. 

The suhaerial division is itself separable in Maryland into the Eastern 
Shore and the Western Shore. These terms, although first introduced 
to designate the land masses on either side of Chesapeake Bay, are in 
reality expressive of a fundamental contrast in the topography of the 
Coastal Plain. This difference gives rise to an Eastern Shore and a 
Western Shore type of topography. Chesapeake Bay and Elk Elver 
separate the two. But fragments of the Eastern Shore type are found 
along the margin of the Western Shore at intervals as far south as 
Herring Bay, and again from Point Lookout northwestward along the 
margin of the Potomac Elver. On the other hand an outlier of the 
Western Shore type of topography is found at Grays Hill in Cecil 
County at the northern margin of the Eastern Shore. The Eastern 
Shore type of topography consists of flat, low, and almost featureless 
plains, while the Western Shore is a rolling upland, attaining four 
times the elevation of the former and resembling the topography of the 
Piedmont Plateau much more than tha.t of the typical Eastern Shore. 
It will be seen later that these two topographic types, which at once 
strike the eye of tlie physiographer as being distinctive features, are in 
reality not as simple as they first appear, but are built up of a complex 
system of terraces dissected by drainage lines. 

The Coastal Plain of Maryland, with which most of the State of 
Delaware is naturally included, is separated from that of Hew Jersey by 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


181 


the Delaware Elver and Delaware Bay and from that of Virginia by 
the Potomac Eiver^ but these drainage ways aiford no barriers to the 
Coastal Plain topography, for the same types ivith their systems of ter= 
races exist as well in New Jersey and Virginia as in Maryland. 

The Chesapeake Bay which runs the length of the Coastal Plain 
drains both shores. From the Western Shore it receives a number of 
large tributaries among which may be mentioned the Northeast, Sus¬ 
quehanna, Bush, Gunpowder, Patapsco, Magothy, Severn, South, 
Patuxent, and Potomac rivers. On the Eastern Shore its principal 
tributaries consist of Bohemia. Creek, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, 
Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke rivers. These streams, which are 
in the process of developing a dendritic type of drainage, have cut far 
deeper channels on the Western than on the Eastern Shore. If atten¬ 
tion is now turned to the character of the shore-line, it will be seen that 
along Chesapeake Bay it is extremely broken and sinuous. A straight 
shore line is the exception and in only one place, from Herring Bay 
southward to Drum Point, does it become a prominent feature. These 
two classes of shore correspond to two^ types of coast. Where the shore 
is sinuous and broken, it is found that the coast is low or marshy, but 
where the shore-line is straight, as from Herring Bay southward to 
Drum Point, the coast is high and rugged as in the famous Calvert 
Cliffs which rise to a height of 100 feet or more above the Bay. The 
shore of the Atlantic Ocean is composed of a long line of barrier beaches 
which have been thrown up by the waves and enclose behind them la¬ 
goons flushed by streams which drain the seaward slope of the Eastern 
Shore. Of these Chincoteague Bay is the most important. 


THE COASTAL PLAIN TERRACES. 

It was stated in the early part of this chapter that the topography of 
the Coastal Plain was in reality more complex than at first appeared and 
that this complexity was due to a system of terraces out of which the 
region is constructed. The subaerial division of the Coastal Plain con¬ 
tains four distinct sets of terraces and part of another, while the sub- 


182 Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 

marine division is composed of one set only. This makes for the Coastal 
Plain as a whole a group of five sets of terraces. In describing these 
terraces, the author will anticipate somewhat material which will be 
discussed later in another place and will, for the sake of simplicity, 
designate these terraces, beginning with the highest, by the names of 
Lafayette, Sunderland, Wicomico, Talbot, and Eecent. The first four 
and part of the fifth fall within the subaerial division and the last 
one principally within the submarine division of the Coastal Plain. 
All five of the subaerial terraces are found on the Western Shore 
while only three of them occur on the. Eastern Shore. These terraces 
wrap about each other in concentric arrangement and are developed 
one above the other in order of their age, the oldest standing topographi¬ 
cally highest. 

Lafayette Teeeace.— The highest of the five terraces is known as 
the Lafayette. It is best developed in Maryland in the region between 
the Anacostia, Potomac, and Patuxent rivers as far south as Charlotte 
Hall. In other words, it caps the divides at the northern extension of 
the southern Maryland Peninsula. The surface of this terrace varies 
considerably in appearance according to position. In the interior where 
it is removed from the influence of streams, it is as fiat and featureless 
as any portion of the Eastern Shore, but along the margins where it has 
been dissected by waterways, they have transformed it into a gently- 
rolling country and its true character is obscured. Besides this exten¬ 
sive development of the Lafayette terrace, there are remnants of the 
same surface distributed along the border of the Piedmont Plateau from 
the Potomac Eiver northeastward through Delaware and Pennsylvania 
to within a few miles of the Delaware Eiver. There are also a few 
outliers scattered about the Coastal Plain. Most of these are grouped 
about the southern margin of the principal area in the vicinity of Char¬ 
lotte Hall, a few more are found in Anne Arundel County, and a very 
important cluster occurs on the high hills of Elk Keck in Cecil County. 
Southward beyond the Potomac Eiver this Lafayette terrace continues 
on through Virginia southward to Florida and Texas and over into 
Mexico. It is believed that at one time these scattered remnants of the 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PLATE III. 



Fig. 1.—View of Talbot Terrace showing Wicomico Escarpment, Kent Co. 



Fig. 2.—View of Calvert Cliffs on Chesapeake Bay, Calvert County. 


VIEWS OF COASTAL PLAIN SCENERY 




















184 Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


Lafayette terrace were united in a continuous whole and that their 
present isolated condition has been brought about by erosion. If we 
assume that they were once continuous, it will be a simple matter to 
establish the present attitude of this terrace, notwithstanding the fact 
that its surface has been somewhat modified by erosion. In the Pied¬ 
mont region of Cecil County the surface of the Lafayette terrace lies 
at an altitude of 470 feet. It rises to about 500 feet in the vicinity 
of Lochraven and Catonsville near Baltimore, to 486 feet at Burtons- 
ville, Montgomery County, and again to 400 feet in the District of 
Columbia. Thus we see over a distance of about 80 miles that the 
surface of the Lafayette is relatively horizontal. This direction is, 
however, from northeast to southwest and approximately parallel to 
the trend of the modern coast line. If, now, the altitude of the Lafayette 
terrace is examined at right angles to this direction, namely toward the 
southeast, it is found that on the high hills of Elk Xeck, in Cecil County, 
the surface of the Lafayette terrace lies at about 300 feet, making a 
slope in Cecil County of 170 feet in a distance of about 10 miles. At 
Charlotte Hall, St. Mary’s County, the surface lies at a height of about 
200 feet, making a slope between the District of Columbia and Char¬ 
lotte Hall of 200 feet in a distance of about 36 miles. It will thus be 
seen that the surface of the Lafayette terrace has a slight incline toward 
the southeast or, in other words, slopes gently toward the ocean.’ 

^ It will be explained later that this slope represents the gradual descent of 
a sub-aqueous terrace away from the shore-line out into deeper water. The 
elevation at the foot of the scarp represents the altitude of the old shore-line 
which, on account of oscillations in level, has been somewhat thrown out of 
a horizontal position since its formation, so that it lies at slightly different 
altitudes in various portions of the Coastal Plain. The altitudes recorded 
away from the scarp-line, show the elevations of the sub-aqueous terrace at 
varying distances from the ancient shore. These also have been slightly 
thrown out of their original position so that their former level attitude is 
now somewhat obscured. In any one locality, however, the various terraces 
from the oldest to the youngest occupy distinct levels and are usually 
separated by pronounced scarps, but when definite localities are compared 
the shore-line of one bench may be found to correspond in altitude at the 
present time with the deeper water phases of the next higher bench. This 
discrepancy, as has just been said, is due to tilting, and will be fully ex¬ 
plained below. 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Pueohase Exposition 


185 


SuNDEELAND Teeeace. —Beneath the Lafayette terrace, wrapping 
around it like a border, extending up into its body in re-entrants, and 
separated from it by a scarp-line is the next younger terrace designated 
above as the Sunderland terrace. This surface has its greatest develop¬ 
ment in southern Maryland on the Calvert and St. Mary’s peninsulas. 
It covers the high divides of Calvert County and occupies a similar posi¬ 
tion in Charles and St. Mary’s counties south of the Lafayette terrace. 
Beyond this region it is represented by outliers, many of which are sev¬ 
eral square miles in extent. They are principally found in the District of 
Columbia and in the region between the Patuxent and Patapsco rivers. 
There are also a number of smaller outlying areas which are distributed 
along the western border of the Coastal Plain between Baltimore and 
Elkton. South of the Potomac the Sunderland terrace continues on 
into Virginia, but as it has not been mapped in regions beyond Frede¬ 
ricksburg, it is not known how far in this direction it extends. ISTorth- 
ward, beyond Maryland, this terrace has been found in Delaware and 
Pennsylvania and it is extensively developed in southern Few Jersey. 

The same statement may be made regarding This terrace as was made 
regarding that of the Lafayette, viz. that, in the interior where it 
has not been modified by erosion, it still retains its original level, fea¬ 
tureless character, but along the borders where it has been attacked by 
the head waters of streams, it has been transformed into a rolling coun¬ 
try. The relation between the surfaces of the Sunderland and Lafayette 
terraces becomes manifest whenever the two occur in juxtaposition. Then 
it is seen that they occupy different levels, that of the Lafayette always 
being higher than that of the Sunderland. This difference in altitude 
is sometimes slight, at other times it forms a prominent feature in the 
topography. Usually the descent from one to the other is gentle, but 
occasionally it is accomplished by means of an abrupt drop resembling in 
appearance a sea-cliff which has been modified by subaerial erosion. 

Throughout the region as a whole there are distinguishable two types 
of descent between the Lafayette and Sunderland terraces. The one 
type is confined to the Piedmont Plateau, the other to the Coastal 
Plain, or, in other words, when the Lafayette terrace lies on the Pied- 


186 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

mont Plateau and the Sunderland terrace rests beneath it either on the 
Piedmont or close to its eastern border, the descent from one surface to 
the other is usually considerable and is accomplished by a topography 
of low, subdued, rolling hills which pass down from the Lafayette ter¬ 
race, occupying successively lower and lower areas until they finally 
blend with the surface of the Sunderland terrace beneath. This type 
of descent may be seen along the eastern border of the Piedmont Pla¬ 
teau between Cecil County and the District of Columbia. The other 
type of descent is found wherever the Lafayette and Sunderland ter¬ 
races approach each other in the Coastal Plain. It may be described, 
as suggested above, as being an abrupt descent resembling a wave-cut 
cliff which has since been modified to a greater or less extent by subaerial 
erosion. The best localities for observing this type are to be found at 
Congress Heights just south of the Anacostia Eiver in the District of 
Columbia, near Bryantown and Aquasco in Charles County, and at 
Charlotte Hall in St. Mary’s County. Two only of these localities need 
be described. At Congress Heights the surface of the Lafayette ter¬ 
race lies at an elevation of about 360 feet and that of the Sunderland 
at about 300. The descent between the two is accomplished by a cliff 
which is one of the most conspicuous features of the region and, in fact, 
of the entire Coastal Plain. There, as one stands on the unbroken 
Sunderland surface facing east, he may trace the cliff line separating 
him from the Lafayette terrace as it rises and runs off to the south until 
it is hidden from view by forest growth. 

At Charlotte Hall and along the road running from Hewmarket west 
over into Charles County, the surfaces of the Lafayette and Sunderland 
terraces approach very much nearer together than farther Avest. Through¬ 
out this region the Lafayette surface lies at an elevation of about 300 
feet while the Sunderland rests about 30 feet below it at 180 feet. The 
descent from one to the other is here marked by a low scarp Avhich does 
not exceed 30 feet in altitude, but while this topographic feature is less 
prominent than that at Congress Heights, it nevertheless partakes of the 
same character. Hear Charlotte Hall there are a number of outliers 
of the Lafayette terrace which are separated from the Sunderland ter- 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE IV. 




Fig. 2.—View of Sunderland Terrace showing Lafayette Escarpment, 

St. Mary’s County. 


VIEWS OF COASTAL PLAIN SCENERY. 







188 Makyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


race beneath by scarps of a similar character to the one just described, 
although one or two of them blend with the surface beneath without 
a well pronounced scarp-line. 

It seems probable that the Sunderland surface was at one time con¬ 
tinuous and embraced all of its outliers. If such was the case, it will 
be possible to establish the present attitude of the terrace. In the 
vicinity of Elkton and on Elk Heck, the surface of the Sunderland ter¬ 
race lies at an elevation of about 180 feet where it abuts against higher 
land and slopes down toward the surrounding waters to about 90 feet. 
In the vicinity of Baltimore the surface slopes from about 200 to 230 
feet to about 90 feet. In the District of Columbia the surface of the 
Sunderland also lies at about 200 to 230 feet and slopes gently toward 
the surrounding waters until it sinks to about 100 feet. In the vicinity of 
Charlotte Hall about 30 miles distant the surface of the Sunderland ter¬ 
race, where it envelops the Lafayette, lies, as already stated, at about 180 
feet and slopes gently down to the southern point of St. Mary’s County 
where, near Eidge, it has an elevation of about 60 feet. In Calvert 
County the surface of the Sunderland terrace lies at an altitude of 160 
feet and slopes toward the surrounding waters until it sinks to an alti¬ 
tude of about 95 feet. When these figures are compared, it will he 
seen that the Sunderland terrace slopes away very gradually toward the 
water in all directions from the enclosed areas of higher land. Along 
the margin of the Piedmont Plateau, that is to say, in a direction nearly 
parallel to the present shore, the difference in elevation of this surface 
is inconsiderable and in this respect resembles the attitude of the La¬ 
fayette terrace throughout the same area. But in all directions away 
from the Piedmont Plateau and from the base of the Lafayette terrace, 
the Sunderland surface slopes away gradually and regularly toward 
either the Atlantic ocean or the Chesapeake Bay and its estuaries. As 
the Sunderland terrace is practically unrepresented on the Eastern 
Shore, no observations are to be secured from that region. 

Wicomico Terrace. —Beneath the Sunderland terrace occurs the 
Wicomico terrace. It bears the same relation to the Sunderland as 
the Sunderland does to the Lafayette terrace in that it wraps about it as 


Mabyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 


189 


a border, extends np into ancient stream valleys which enter it, and is 
separated from it by a well-defined line of low rises which, with the 
exception of the scarp-line cut by the present sea, constitute the most 
continuous topographic feature of the entire Maryland Coastal Plain. 
The distribution of the Wicomico terrace is somewhat different from 
that of the Sunderland and Lafayette terraces. It will be remembered 
that the Lafayette and Sunderland terraces found their greatest de¬ 
velopment on the divides of the peninsulas of southern Maryland. The 
Wicomico terrace, on the contrary, is best developed on the Eastern 
Shore. In that region it forms the flat, featureless surface of the divide, 
extending from Elkton southward to Salisbury and beyond, and from 
Chesapeake Bay on the west well over into Delaware toward the Atlan¬ 
tic Ocean on the east. From its surface, streams drain into both the 
Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic. Outliers of this terrace are also 
found in great abundance along the Western Shore from Elkton down 
to Point Lookout. The greatest development on this side of the Bay 
is found in the region south of Baltimore between the Patapsco and 
South rivers. Beyond this territory, in the basins of the Patuxent and 
Potomac, the Wicomico terrace is developed in a manner strikingly 
different from that of the Eastern Shore. On the Eastern Shore, as 
was indicated above, it occupies a wide and almost unbroken territory. 
On the Western Shore it is developed as a narrow fringe around the 
base of the Sunderland terrace and as a floor of the ancient drainage 
valleys which penetrate the body of the Sunderland terrace as re¬ 
entrants. It was stated above that the scarp-line which separated the 
surface of the Sunderland from the Wicomico was one of the most 
prominent features in the Maryland Coastal Plain. This scarp-line has 
exactly the appearance of a wave-cut cliff Avhich has been softened by 
subaerial erosion and resembles in every detail the similar topographic 
feature which has been described as separating the Lafayette and Sunder¬ 
land surfaces. There are a large number of localities where this topo¬ 
graphic feature may be seen, particularly throughout Calvert and St. 
Mary’s counties. Perhaps four of the best and most accessible localities 
are located at Eidge in southern St. Mary’s County not far from Point 


190 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Lookout; at the turn of the road a mile and a half south of Frazier 
near the 80-foot contour in Calvert County; in the region to the north 
of Maryland Point in Charles County; and along the Principio road^ 
miles northeast of Perryville, Cecil County. Where the AVicomico 
terrace approaches drainage vrays, it loses its typical plain character and 
is modified by erosion into a rolling country, but back in the interior 
where streams have not yet approached, the surface is typically a plain. 
In this particular it again resembles the Lafayette and Sunderland ter¬ 
races. On the whole it has suffered less from erosion than those which 
lie above it. If we reconstruct the Wicomico terrace by uniting its 
outliers, we find that the surface of the AViconiico terrace stands at an 
elevation of 90 feet in Cecil County where it abuts against the Sunder¬ 
land terrace, and slopes away toward the surrounding water to an eleva¬ 
tion of 60 feet. In the vicinity of Baltimore and AVashington and on 
the peninsula of Calvert County, between the Patuxent Eiver and 
Chesapeake Bay the same general relation holds; but in St. Mary’s 

County, between the Patuxent and Potomac rivers, the altitude of the 

AAucomico terrace, where it abuts against the Sunderland, gradually 
sinl^s until at Eidge the surface of the AALcomico terrace stands at 45 
feet and slopes away gradually to Point Lookout until it ends at an ele¬ 
vation of about 15 feet. On the Eastern Shore the surface of the 

Wicomico terrace stands at an elevation of about 90 or 100 feet in the 

vicinity of Elkton, and at about 45 feet in its extreme southern develop¬ 
ment a few miles south of Salisbury. It will thus be seen that the 
surface of the AAhcomico terrace maintains a remarkable uniformity 
throughout its entire extent along the border of the Piedmont Plateau 
but slopes gently toward Lie surrounding waters. 

Talbot Terrace. — Beneath the AVicomico terrace occurs the Talbot 
terrace. This is the lowest of the subaerial terraces. Like the other 
members of the series, it envelops the earlier terraces, penetrates them 
as re-entrants and is separated from those above it by a scarp-line. 
This scarp-line, although usually lower and less conspicuous than that 
separating the Sunderland and A¥icomico terraces, is easily discerned 
and is very continuous throughout the region. It may be typically 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


191 


seen at a large number of localities among which the following may be 
mentioned: along the borders of Elk Eiver in Cecil County; on the 
road between Chestertown and Eock Hall in Kent County; in the 
Hcinity of Brooklyn and Annapolis in Anne Arundel County; along 
the lower reaches of the Patuxent Eiver in Calvert and St. Mary’s 
counties, and about the flanks of Capitol Hill in Washington City. 

This scarp has an average height of about 10 feet, although it at times 
disappears altogether and at other times may rise to 20 or 30 feet in 
altitude. The distribution of the Talbot terrace is similar to that of 
the Wicomico in that it finds its greatest development on the Eastern 
Shore although large areas are present along the western margin of 
Chesapeake Bay from Elkton southward to Point Lookout and in the 
valleys of all the estuaries. It has suffered less from erosion than any 
of the other terraces and maintains everywhere its original surface al¬ 
most unmodified by the present drainage. The altitude of the Talbot 
terrace, where it abuts against higher land lies very constantly at an 
elevation of about 40 or 45 feet, except in sonthern St. Mary’s County 
where it gradually declmes southeastward to about 10 feet near Point 
Lookout. Prom its landward margin the Talbot terrace slopes away 
toward the surrounding waters where it either terminates in a wave-cut 
cliff or else passes down to tide-level and merges with the modern beach. 

Eecent Terrace.— Below the Talbot terrace is situated the Eecent 
terrace. This is principally confined to the submarine division of the 
Coastal Plain and is co-extensive with it. It everywhere wraps around 
the subaerial division as a border and also extends up the river valleys 
as a terrace formed by Eecent streams. Within the Bay and its estuaries 
it is identical with the wave-cut and wave-built terrace while along the 
Atlantic shore it forms the modern beach and extends seaward under 
the ocean as the surface of the continental shelf. Thus it appears that 
the Eecent terrace is principally submarine. What is known regarding 
the contour of its surface has been determined by soundings. In this 
way it has been shown that the surface of this terrace is a plain, sloping 
gently from tide to a depth of 600 feet at a distance of about 100 miles 
off shore. 


192 


Makyland at the Louisiana Pueohase Exposition 


Up to this point in the discussion the various terraces have been 
described as wrapping around each other in concentric borders. This 
arrangement, although the typical one, is not always present, for fre¬ 
quently one or more terraces may be wanting in places where they would 
normally be expected to be present. At such times the descent from 
the surface of the highest to that of the lowest terrace present, amounts 
to the vertical distance which would normally be expected to exist be¬ 
tween them. The best example of this is to be seen along the Bay 
shore from Chesapeake Beach southward to Drum Point. Throughout 
most of this distance the surface of the Sunderland terrace, lying at 
about 100 feet above tide, is separated from that of the Eecent terrace 
at sea-level by a cliff 100 feet in height. The Wicomico and Talbot 


LAFAYETTE 

WICOMICO 

RECENT 


_ T . 

OLDER formations * 




Fig. 4.—Diagram showing relative position of Coastal Plain Terraces. 


terraces and their accompanying scarps are here absent and the descent 
from the Sunderland to the Recent terrace is accomplished by a preci¬ 
pice which makes the famous Calvert Cliffs. 

Occasionally the surface of the Talbot and Wicomico terraces are 
modified by the presence of subordinate terraces separated by low scarp- 
lines. These secondary terraces are irregularly developed and, as a rule, 
are not extensive. They occur principally in the valleys of the im¬ 
portant estuaries and along the banks of those tributaries which drain 
the surrounding upland. The most important of these minor scarps is 
developed on the Talbot terrace, facing the Atlantic Ocean, and extends 
from near Berlin northwestward to the vicinity of ISTewark, Delaware. 
It rises from 25 to about 35 feet and is a noticeable physiographic fea¬ 
ture throughout the region where it is developed. 








Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


193 


STREAM VALLEYS. 

Within the Coastal Plain of Maryland there are discernible four gen¬ 
erations of stream valleys. Three of these no longer contain the streams 
which cut them. They have been referred to in the discussion as re¬ 
entrants penetrating the various terraces. The first is found developed 
as a fiat-bottomed drainage way of greater or less width and extent, 
running up into the Lafayette terrace. Its level bottom is an integral 
part of the Sunderland terrace. The second one of these drainage ways 
penetrates the Sunderland terrace in a similar way. Its characteristics 
are analogous to those entering the Lafayette terrace and its flat bottom 
forms an integral part of the Wicomico terrace. The third of these 
drainage ways cuts a re-entrant within the body of the Wicomico ter¬ 
race and its level floor forms an integral part of the Talbot terrace. 
The fourth and last of these drainage ways is now in the process of 
formation. It is the system of valleys which are being cut by the Eecent 
streams. Toward their headwaters these valleys are narrow and A^- 
shaped, and if traced to their sources, are often found to start from in¬ 
termittent springs surrounded by a steep-walled amphitheater from 5 
to 10 feet in height. Toward their lower courses these valJeys are broad 
and flat and are frequently filled with fresh or brackish water marshes. 
In the upper portions of their courses the valleys are being eroded. In 
the lower portions they are being filled. A glance at the map will 
serve to confirm the opinion which has been held for a long time, name¬ 
ly, that the rivers of the Coastal Plain of Maryland have been drowned 
along their lower courses, or, in other words, have been transformed into 
estuaries by the subsidence of the region. The filling of these valleys 
has taken place toward the heads of these estuaries. The headwaters 
of these Eecent valleys are being extended inland toward the divides 
with greater or less rapidity. 

Many of the tributary streams occupy the re-entrant valleys described 
above. The more energetic have succeeded in carrying out all of the 
ancient floors which formerly covered these valleys and formed a por¬ 
tion of the various terraces. Others have left mere remnants of these 


194 Maeyland at the Louisiana Pdeohase Exposition 


valley accumulations along the margins while the less active streams 
have left the re-entrant valleys practically unmodified. In Southern 
Maryland the streams which drain into Chesapeake Bay from the east¬ 
ern slope of Calvert County, as well as those which drain into the 
Patuxent River from St. Mary’s and Prince George’s counties, have 
shorter courses than those which drain into the Patuxent from Calvert 
County or into the Potomac from Prince George’s, Charles, and St. 
Mary’s counties. A similar contrast is obvious between the streams 
which enter the Atlantic Ocean from the Eastern Shore and those 
which enter Chesapeake Bay from the same region. 

The cause of this shortening of streams on the northeast side of these 
divides is probably due not only to a tilting toward the southeast which 
is discussed elsewhere, but also in a great measure, particularly along 
the Bay shore, to rapid wave erosion. The streams draining the eastern 
slope of Calvert County and the northeastern slope of St. Mary’s and 
Prince George’s counties were at one time longer, but the recession of 
the shore line has shortened their courses by the cutting away of their 
lower valleys. This is very clearly shown along the Calvert Cliffs 
where the waves have advanced so rapidly on the land that the former 
heads of stream valleys are now left as unoccupied depressions along the 
upper ed,ge of the cliffs, while other streams cascade from the top of the 
precipice to the shore beneath, and still others more active have been 
able to sink their valleys to the water’s edge by a very sharp descent. 
Other investigations have suggested that rotation may have had some in¬ 
fluence in bringing the streams mentioned above into their present 
position, and although the streams are short, it is possible that they 
have been somewhat affected by this influence. 


ECONOMIC PHYSIOGEAPHT OF THE COASTAL PLAIN. 

Soils. —The various geological stages through which the Coastal 
Plain has passed have had considerable influence upon the soils, and 
through them upon the crops of the province. The early strata, those of 
Cretaceous and Eocene age, which are best developed in parallel belts 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


195 


along- the northwestern boundary of the Coastal Plain, are sandy loams 
which yield good returns of fruit and garden truck. In this belt the 
very prosperous peach—and other fruit—farms have been located, 
and large quantities of fine peaches are still shipped from the northern 
counties of the Eastern Shore. The same belt extends northeastward 
into Delaware and ISTew Jersey where similar crops are raised. These 
strata carry with them a natural storehouse of valuable fertilizer in 
the form of greensand or glauconitic shell marl. In the early days of 
Eastern Shore farming, this marl was much used as a fertilizer, particu¬ 
larly in Cecil, Kent, and Queen Anne’s counties. 

In the central and southern counties the clayey loams which come 
from the Miocene or Chesapeake deposits afford extensive areas of good 
wheat, grass, and tobacco lands, which formerly were of great import¬ 
ance to the State. Since the rapid development of the wheat fields 
of the West, however, the yield of these lands has become comparatively 
insignificant, so that at present the farmers are not able to make wheat 
crops pay even by the aid of expensive fertilizers. Among the best¬ 
paying crops of the Coastal Plain are the products of the lighter sandy 
loams of the Pliocene (Lafayette) and Pleistocene deposits. These 
soils cover the whole Eastern Shore south of the Choptank and are also 
of importance on the more dissected Western Shore. Large and early 
crops of berries and melons are annually shipped from the cultivated 
areas of these soils, and the canning of tomatoes, corn, and other pro¬ 
ducts constitutes one of the important industries of the province. 

Waterways. —The post-Lafayette and the post-Pleistocene submer¬ 
gences of the Coastal Plain have been of immense benefit to the in¬ 
habitants of Maryland. As a result of the drowning of the Chesapeake 
River ocean-going vessels are admitted as far inland as Georgetown, 
D. C., Baltimore, Havre de Grace, and Chesapeake City. Valuable 
harbors also are provided, so that much commerce has been attracted to 
Maryland shores. Besides interstate and international trade which is 
thus favored by the configuration of Chesapeake Bay with its deep exit 
to the high seas, trade within the State is greatly benefited by these 
waterways. That geologically recent submergence, whereby the river 


196 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

valleys carved in post-Pleistocene times were drowned for more than 
half their length, gave to the inhabitants of the Coastal Plain the most 
favorable facilities for easy and cheap transportation of their crops. 
The estnaries then formed are the entrances to tidal streams that pene¬ 
trate into the very heart of the rich lands. They are generally of suffi¬ 
cient depth to admit the light-dranght steamers plying on the waters 
of Chesapeake Bay and the nnmerous wharves which are encountered 
on ascending any one of the navigable creeks testify to the readiness 
with which the people have availed themselves of their natural opportu¬ 
nities. In the proper seasons these wharves may be seen piled high 
with the crates of fruit and other products which are being sent to 
Baltimore for distribution among the neighboring states. 

Besides thus affording easy paths of intercourse with other important 
sections of the State the estuaries yield peculiar and characteristic 
products of their own. The same streams which, during the summer, 
are the arteries and highways of a commerce based on the products of 
the soil, become in winter the fields of one of Maryland’s greatest in¬ 
dustries—the oyster fisheries. Great quantities of these oysters are 
annually sent to Baltimore, and their gathering has given rise to a race 
of hardy fishermen and expert sailors only excelled by the codfishers who 
sail every year to the Great Banks of Newfoundland. The oyster¬ 
canning industry, whereby the interior of the continent is supplied with 
canned oysters, has also arisen as an indirect result of the post-Pleisto- 
cene submergence. The diamond-back terrapin, the duck, and the other 
wild fowl of the littoral marshes also deserve a place among the list of re¬ 
sources which the geographic history of the province has bestowed upon 
this State. 

Eailroads.— While the many waterways which intersect the Coastal 
Plain have given boat trafi&c the best start among transportation facili¬ 
ties, railroads have been built to a number of points, thus connecting 
them more directly with the vigor and energy of the great commercial 
centers of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. Generally the rail¬ 
road, seeking as it does that course which requires the least modifications 
from the natural topography in order to make an easy grade, has to 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 197 


pursue a more or less tortuous route. On the Eastern Shore the low 
and almost insignificant character of the divides and the shallow stream 
valleys permit the roads to run in very direct routes from one objective 
point to the next. A glance at the map of the State shows these routes 
and the indifference which they display towards the divides. It is also 
noteworthy that, although touching at several waterside towns, the rail¬ 
roads are confined on the whole to those wider portions of the small 
peninsulas where the hauling distance to the boat lines becomes some¬ 
thing of a factor in the cost of transportation. By reaching these re¬ 
moter points they are thus able to maintain a foothold in spite of the 
lower rates offered by the boat lines. On the peninsula of Southern 
Maryland the few railroads are compelled to hold pretty closely to the 
divides, as a short distance on either side the country becomes so cut up 
that it would be wholly impracticable to build a line. 

Effect of Topography upon the Inhabitants. —^When the early 
settlers came to Maryland they found the tracts of the Coastal Plain 
occupied by peaceful tribes of Indians who lived by fishing in the deeply 
indented rivers and hunting through the pine and hard-wood forests 
which covered the inter-stream areas. The settlers themselves took to 
farming, encouraged by the rich soils, and also obtained plenty of fresh 
fish and oysters from the neighboring waters. Soon large and pros¬ 
perous plantations grew up, which afforded by their products good in¬ 
comes to their owners. The earlier inhabitants were thus mainly agri¬ 
culturists. As the value of the oyster beds increased, and the demands 
for the oyster grew, the race of oystermen sprang up. These men 
naturally settled along the shores near their work. At present the two 
classes, which originally must have been somewhat mixed, can be clearly 
distinguished, the regular farmer keeping to the higher inter-fluviatile 
areas, while along the shores and in the vicinity of the large towns are 
the houses of the oystermen. On the Western Shore the dissection of 
the interior lands near the Bay has handicapped the farmer very de¬ 
cidedly, while the deep rivers and estuaries give good opportunity for 
the fishermen to ply their trade. 

Thus the geological and physical features of the Coastal Plain, which 


198 


Makyland at the Loqisiaha Pueohase Exposition 


are the direct results of its geological history, are seen to have almost 
wholly determined the pursuits and the habits of its settlers and in¬ 
habitants. 


The Piedmont Plateau. 

The Piedmont Plateau, which is the name applied to the hill country 
that borders the Coastal Plain on the west and extends thence to the 
foot of the Appalachian Mountains, is a Ioav plateau of complex origin 
whose rolling surface is traversed by highlands and cut by valleys that 
at times trench the uplands as deep gorges. From the fact that the 
physiographic features of the Appalachian Eegion which lies to the 
westward are contemporaneous in origin with those of the Piedmont 
Plateau it is reasonable to suppose that no sharp line can be drawn be¬ 
tween the two districts. The boundary can in fact with almost equal 
propriety be placed at the foot of North Mountain as at the foot of the 
Catoctin Mountain, although all things considered, it has seemed best 
in Maryland to divide the two regions at the point where the first pro¬ 
nounced mountain range is reached. 

To the northward the Catoctin and Blue Eidge highlands with their 
South Mountain extension in southern Pennsylvania, gradually decline 
to the level of the lower plateau, and the surface of the Piedmont hill 
country with higher lands of inconspicuous elevation extends to the foot 
of the Alleghany ranges. To the southward, on the other hand, the 
Great Valley is less pronounced and the highlands of the Blue Eidge 
become a conspicuous part of the great Appalachian Eegion. In the 
south also the name Piedmont has become so widely intrenched in usage 
for the district lying to the eastward of the Blue Eidge mountains that 
it has seemed best to follow the same usage in Maryland. 

THE DIVISIONS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 

The Piedmont Plateau is divided into two regions called respectively 
the Eastern Division and the Western Division which are separated by 
Parrs Eidge that gradually rises to an elevation of several hundred feet 
above the general surface of the Piedmont Plateau. This highland has 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


199 


an average elevation of 800 to 900 feet, rising to the northward in Car- 
roll County and in the nearby regions of Pennsylvania to 1100 feet but 
gradually declining southward across Howard and Montgomery counties 
until it reaches the lowland elevations of the Piedmont Plateau toward 
the Potomac Valley. 

Parrs Eidge forms the divide between the streams flowing directly 
into the Chesapeake Bay and those flowing into the Potomac Eiver. 
Among the more important streams entering the Chesapeake from the 
eastern division of the Piedmont are the Susquehanna, Bush, Gunpow¬ 
der, Patapsco, and Patuxent rivers. The western division is largely 
drained by the Monocacy Eiver and its tributaries into the Potomac 
Eiver. 


THE PIEDMONT PENEPLAINS. 

The Piedmont Plateau is made up of remnants of old plains cut out 
of the high plateau that formerly stretched across the district from the 
Appalachian Eegion and passed beneath tide just beyond the edge of the 
Coastal Plain where it now forms the floor on which the Coastal Plain 
sediments rest. The eastern division is much less deeply eroded than 
the western with the result that more frequently remnants of the oldest 
plains are found in the former than in the latter district. On the other 
hand, the later plains, but poorly developed along the eastern margin of 
the Piedmont, become gradually more pronounced westward, the 
youngest plains being well defined in the drainage basis of the Monocacy 
and along the Potomac. These old plains, now represented only by 
remnants of their earlier surfaces, are technically known as peneplains 
by physiographers. A peneplain is the name given to an area that 
has been reduced by erosion to approximately a level surface but little 
above the sea level of the period of its formation, but which may still 
have unreduced knobs or monadnocTcs in the inter-stream areas. Even 
where these monadnocks have largely wasted away the valley surfaces 
would naturally be somewhat lower than the divides and would rise 
slowly to the sides of the valleys as well as from the lower courses of 
all the streams to their heads. It is important to keep these facts in 


300 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

mind when endeavoring to reconstruct the ancient peneplain surfaces 
from the remnants of the old plains that are still left in the Piedmont 
district. It so happens that after the formation of the oldest peneplain 
now represented, later erosion has only resulted in the partial develop¬ 
ment of new plains, highlands, sometimes of wide extent, still remain¬ 
ing as monadnocks in the inter-stream areas. 

The several plains recognized in the Piedmont district are known as 
the SchooJey, the Weverton, the Harrisburg, and the Somerville pene¬ 
plains, all of which, like the district to which they belong, have been 
traced far beyond the confines of the State. 

ScHOOLEY Peneplain. —The Schooley peneplain, so named from 
Schooley Mountain in Pennsylvania, is represented in the higher crests 
of Parrs Eidge and throughout the eastern division of the Piedmont 
Plateau. A conspicuous remnant of this old plain is also shown in tlie 
crest of Sugar Loaf Mountain in the western division of the district 
while the same surface is continued westward in the more or less level 
crests of the Catoctin and Blue Eidge mountains. This old peneplain 
which has a nearly uniform elevation of 1800 feet throughout the 
eastern portion of the Appalachian Eegion, slopes more rapidly from the 
crest of the Catoctin Mountain eastward, being represented in Sugar 
Loaf Mountain at a height of about 1300 feet and in Parrs Eidge at an 
elevation of 1000 to 1100 feet, the greatest heights being found toward 
the Pennsylvania line. Across this western district the slope is about 30 
feet to the mile. To the east of Parrs Eidge the Schooley peneplain 
declines more rapidly, being represented in Harford, Baltimore, and 
Howard counties at constantly lower elevations that finally reach 400 
feet or less at the margin of the Coastal Plain where the slope has in¬ 
creased to 40 or 50 feet in the mile, as shown by the dip of the basal 
formations of the Coastal Plain series and by well-borings that have 
penetrated the later sediments to the Coastal Plain floor. An explana¬ 
tion for the much more complete preservation of the Schooley peneplain 
surface in the eastern portion of the Piedmont Plateau and particularly 
near the Coastal Plain margin must be sought largely in the lower 
elevation of this plain during the formation of the later plains, and no 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


201 


doubt also iu part from the fact that it was in a measure protected by 
the cover of Coastal Plain sediments which are known to have extended 
farther westward than at present. 

The age of the Schooley peneplain is probably Jurassic. It must have 
been formed later than the deposition of the red sandstones and shales 
of Triassic age in the Frederick Valley and earlier than the deposits of 
the earliest Coastal Plain sediments which are either of late Jurassic or 
early Cretaceous age. At the time of the formation of the Schooley 
peneplain the land surface must have extended far to the eastward of 
its present known limits and such deposits as were laid down along its 
eastward margin must be now deeply buried beneath the Coastal Plain 
and may even have been deposited to the eastward of the present coast 
line. 

Weverton Peneplain. —The Weverton peneplain, so called from its 
development on the ridge of Weverton sandstone north of Weverton, has 
many broad level-topped remnants throughout the Piedmont district 
which vary in elevation from about 700 feet in Montgomery County to 
850 feet in northern Carroll County. To the westward the surface rises 
on an average slope of about 30 feet in the mile and although imper¬ 
fectly shown on the eastern flank of the Catoctin Mountain it may be 
clearly recognized along the crest of that mountain, in the Middletown 
Valley, and toward the Potomac Elver where it reaches an elevation of 
about 1200 feet. Eastward from the Parrs Eidge district it gradually 
declines across the central counties until it reaches an elevation of 300 
feet or thereabouts along the Coastal Plain margin, being here repre¬ 
sented in the broader valleys that trench the Schooley surface. This is 
admirably shown in the Creen Spring and adjacent valleys in Maryland 
and in others beyond the State where the later Potomac formations lie 
directly on the limestone of the valley floors. At the margin of the 
Coastal Plain the Weverton peneplain can be no longer recognized with 
certainty and doubtless gradually merges into the older Schooley sur¬ 
face out of which it was carved. It is possible that some of the known 
inequalities of the Maryland Coastal Plain floor may be due to the east¬ 
ward extension of some of the Weverton Valleys, although the low 


302 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

elevation of this area, the igradiial approach of the two surfaces and the 
cover of Potomac and later sediments make it extremely difficult to 
determine this point positively. 

The age of the Weverton peneplain is doubtless late Jurassic or early 
Cretaceous since the later Potomac deposits rest upon its surface. 
Whether all of the Potomac deposits were laid down subsequent to the 
formation of this plain cannot be with certainty determined although 
the suggested extension of some of the W^everton valleys beneath the 
oldest beds renders this interpretation possible. Without more definite 
proof on this point, however, it is perhaps safer, as has been already 
done, to regard the Schooley surface as affording the floor upon which 
the earlier deposits were spread. 

It is possible that a warping of the Schooley peneplain, during the 
formation of the Weverton plain and subsequently, affected the Coastal 
Plain floor throughout much of the western portion of that district, 
as shown by the non-marine Potomac deposits of the Maiwland Eegion, 
indicating the exclusion of the basin of sedimentation by a land barrier. 

Harrisburg Peneplain.— The Harrisburg peneplain, so named from 
its occurrence about Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where level-topped sur¬ 
faces representing this peneplain are well displayed, lies at an elevation 
of about 600 feet in the eastern part of the Appalachian district and 
thence gradually declines eastward, reaching about 500 feet in the lower 
Monocacy Valley. To the northward along the Monocacy drainage 
basin this level slowly rises toward the headwaters of the Monocacy as 
well as laterally to the interstream highlands represented by the Catoctin 
Mountain on the west and the Parrs Pidge district on the east. The 
broad highlands of the Weverton Plain apparently confined the surface 
of the Harrisburg peneplain to the western division of the Piedmont 
Plateau. Farther down the Potomac A^alley the Harrisburg surface 
gradually declines to 400 feet, but its identity becomes largely obscured 
toward the Coastal Plain border where it probably merges into the older 
peneplains. At all events, it cannot be satisfactorily discriminated. 
Throughout most of the district to the east of Parrs Eidge the Harris¬ 
burg peneplain is evidently represented only by the deeper trenching of 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE V. 



Fig. 1.—Patapsco Valley at the Mouth of Brice’s Run, Baltimore County. 



Fig. 1 . —Level Surface of Piedmont Plateau away from Main Drainage 

Lines, Cecil County. 


VIEWS OF PIEDMONT SCENERY, 








204 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


the floors of the Weverton valleys although this cutting has been con¬ 
tinued at various times until the present. 

The marked change in slope shown by the Schooley and Weverton 
peneplains to the eastward of the Catoctin Mountain is for the most part 
lost in the case of the Harrisburg and Somerville peneplains, indicating 
that the elevation which went on subsequent to the formation of the 
Schooley and Weverton surfaces must have largely ceased by post-Har¬ 
risburg time. 

The age of the Harrisburg Plain has been thought to be early Terti¬ 
ary, deposits of supposed late Tertiary age having been found to rest 
upon it. The data necessary to determine closely the time of its for¬ 
mation are absent. A study of the Coastal Plain sediments has not 
afforded such results as to warrant a close correlation of this plain with 
the formations of that area. 

Somerville Peneplain. —The Somerville peneplain, so called from 
its development near Somerville, Hew Jersey, is not widely separated 
from the Harrisburg peneplain above discussed. It has an elevation of 
about 500 feet in the eastern part of the Appalachian district in the 
vicinity of Harpers Ferry, from which region it declines for some dis¬ 
tance with about the same slope as that of the Harrisburg already de¬ 
scribed. Like the Harrisburg Plain, it can be traced up the Monocacy 
basin, gradually rising toward the headwaters and toward the divides to 
the east and west. Along the Potomac Valley it declines eastward to 
350 feet, beyond which it evidently gradually merges with the older 
surfaces. Throughout the greater part of the eastern district of the 
Piedmont between Parrs Eidge and the Coastal Plain border it is only 
represented, as far as can be determined with certainty, by the deeper 
trenching of the valleys which had already commenced their cutting in 
the Weverton surface in Harrisburg time. 

Both the Harrisburg and Somerville plains were doubtless developed 
along the drainage lines entering the region of the older Coastal Plain 
deposits although evidence of this extension is probably no longer appar¬ 
ent in the case of the Harrisburg. At least no satisfactory proof can at 
present be deduced for it. The revival of erosion with the elevation of 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


205 


the Harrisburg surface may have resulted iu the deposition of the 
coarser sediments of middle and late Tertiary time, while the revival of 
erosion in post-Somerville time is doubtless represented by the Columbia 
deposits which have been formed from the materials removed during 
successive epochs of post-Somerville denudation. The age of the Som¬ 
erville Plain would, therefore, be late Tertiary. 

STREAM VALLEYS. 

The present streams are now found in valleys of variable depth that 
trench the peneplain surfaces. In the eastern division of the Piedmont 
where the Harrisburg and Somerville plains are at best but poorly devel¬ 
oped the streams appear for the most part as trenches in the Weverton 
plain. In the western divisions, on the other hand, they are found 
trenching the later peneplains and in the lower Monocacy and Potomac 
valleys the relations of the streams to the Somerville peneplain are 
clearly defined. 

Some of these streams are more or less adjusted to the underlying 
rocks as in the case of Jones Palls to the north of Baltimore but a large 
portion of them are discordant, that is, seemingly unaffected by the 
rocks over which they flow. In the eastern division of the Piedmont 
the streams flow down the eastern slope of Parrs Eidge in approxi¬ 
mately parallel courses to the Chesapeake Bay and in many instances 
the streams cut across the rocks with little regard to their physical 
characters. In the case of the Monocacy and its tributaries we find 
that there has been little adjustment of the channels, the streams taking 
their courses across limestones, phyllites, and shales indifferently. 

In general, both the main streams and their tributaries show drainage 
patterns similar to those of the Coastal Plain, and it is not impossible 
that the stream courses may have been in many instances superimposed 
on the rocks at no distant time in the past through a mantle of Coastal 
Plain sediments. Eemnants of such a cover have been found far re¬ 
moved from the main body of the Coastal Plain, even as far westward 
as the Great Valley. 


206 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


ECONOMIC physiography OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 

The physiography of the Piedmont Plateau has materially influenced 
the settlement and occupation of those who chose this region for their 
homes. 

Soils.— The early settlers, having to raise all their food, naturally 
sought out the best locations for their broad farms and beautiful estates. 
On their arrival they found two general classes of farm-lands. 

The first class embraced the somewhat rolling but extensive tracts of 
the interstream upland areas. The soils were found to be good pro¬ 
ducers of corn, wheat, and grass, and the surface not so rough as to make 
its cultivation forbiddingly difficult. The long continuous tracts of 
these interstream areas also made travelling easy as long as one stayed 
on the upland, while the stream valleys were shut in and narrow. For 
these reasons, probably, the various stately manor lands were laid out 
where the upland expanses were greatest; and the mansions, surrounded 
by fine groves and broad fields, were located on the most promising of 
the small plateaus. In the earlier days the crops from these broad 
upland farms were among the richest in the State and rivaled those of 
the Eastern Shore. 

The second class of farm-lands comprised the alluvial loams and 
sandy flood-plains along the streams. These lands are generally re¬ 
stricted in area, since the valley bottoms are usually narrow and limited 
in extent. Where streams have opened out lowlands on the marble and 
limestone areas rich lands of considerable extent offer most favorable 
farm sites. The lands along the streams have the advantage of running 
water and good springs from the hill-sides, they are not as well drained, 
however, as are the lands of the upland, and they are subjected to dam¬ 
aging floods. Comparatively few settlers chose the valley lands at first. 

A marked exception to the above rule is found in the Monocacy Val¬ 
ley, where the farm-lands are all located on the several benches and ter¬ 
races leading down to the river or on the low bottom-lands belonging 
to it. So little of the old upland is left that the conditions of occupa¬ 
tion are quite different from those farther east. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


207 


Streams.— While the fanning class were searching for good soils and 
favorable homestead sites^ the manufacturers and millwrights were seek¬ 
ing favorable locations for mills, dams, and flumes. The streams of the 
Piedmont Plateau yielded a great abundance of water-power, and soon 
mills dotted the valleys. Each section early came to be supplied with 
its grist mill, and in due time cotton mills were also' built. These in¬ 
dustries in time became of great importance. The flour mills are now 
generally abandoned, however, only a few of the most favorably 
situated ones having been able to maintain themselves against western 
competition. The cotton mills have held out much better, because it 
has not been until recent years that southern cotton has been spun and 
woven at home. 

The water-power which the Piedmont streams furnish is not the 
only wealth which they bring to the State. The land movements dur¬ 
ing late geological time have caused the streams to trench their courses 
considerably, and in so doing have rendered accessible the building 
stones which were previously hidden beneath the surface. The granite 
now extensively quarried at Port Deposit would not be so easily obtained 
and shipped had not the Susquehanna Eiver cut its deep gorge. The 
locations of the serpentine quarries of Harford County are determined 
to a greater or lesser extent by the streams which intersect the rock. A 
formerly important soapstone quarry on Winter Eun in the southeast 
corner of Carroll County was made possible only through the fact that 
the stream had there cut a deep gorge in a long band of steatitic serpen¬ 
tine. Along the Patapsco and Jones Falls many quarries of granite 
and gneiss have been located because the stream gorges offered favorable 
openings or transportation facilities. 

It is interesting, by way of contrast, to compare the different condi¬ 
tions under which the Cardiff-Delta slates are quarried. As no stream 
cuts across Slate Eidge in the vicinity of those two settlements, the 
quarries have been located along the summit and are worked entirely 
from above. This is the most difficult way to attack the slates, and as 
there is no natural drainage for the quarries the water which is con¬ 
stantly accumulating in the pits greatly increases the cost of working. 


208 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Lines of Communication.— The valleys and ridges of the Pied¬ 
mont Plateau furnish excellent examples of the way in which topo¬ 
graphic features influence commerce and human activities. 

One of the first acts of the early settlers of the Piedmont region was 
to lay out highways. These early roads were not always located advan¬ 
tageously with reference to the topography, but both the divides and the 
valleys were extensively employed. When the better turnpikes came to 
be built, however, they were almost without exception built along the 
divides. The reason for this was that fills and bridges were thereby 
avoided and better drained road-beds, not subject to floods, were obtained. 
Eadiating in all directions from Baltimore, these old turnpikes may be 
followed into almost every corner of the State, and their location on the 
more elevated ridges enables the traveler to obtain beautiful views of 
the richly wooded, rolling uplands and tree-filled valleys. 

With the advent of the canals and railroads more even grades were 
demanded and sought for. They were found by following the larger 
valleys. 

The canals were built to overcome the obstructions to navigation 
which the “ fall line ’’ rapids occasioned, even in the larger streams such 
as the Susquehanna and the Potomac. 

One of the early canals was the Susquehanna Canal, built along the 
east shore of the Susquehanna Eiver in order to transport merchandise 
from the limits of navigation at Port Deposit northward along that 
stream to the Pennsylvania line. This canal has now wholly fallen 
into disuse. 

Another early and successful canal was constructed around the Great 
Falls by the Potomac Company. To obtain the necessary water and the 
most favorable grades this channel, now part of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal, was laid out along the north bank of the Potomac, taking 
advantage of the natural trenches cut by that river. This canal was 
long the cheapest and best means of transportation between the coal 
and wheat lands of Allegany County and tidewater. 

Since the era of railway construction began every advantage has been 
taken of the topographic features of the country. The Baltimore and 


Maetland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


209 


Ohio Eailroad crossing the Piedmont Plateau from tidewater found an 
easy exit from the depression about Baltimore and a gentle, though 
crooked, grade to the crest of the divide by following up the South 
Branch of the Patapsco Eiver to Mount Airy, and then along the Mon- 
ocacy drainage to Point of Eocks. 

The Western Maryland Eailroad, striking north and then westward, 
could not utilize the lower course of the Forth Branch of the Patapsco 
on account of its narrow valley and very crooked channel. By follow¬ 
ing the hroad, well-graded valley of Gwynns Palls as far as Emory 
Grove, however, an easy descent was found into the more favorable 
upper course of the Forth Branch of the Patapsco and thence an easy 
grade led to the sag in the divide at Westminster. A branch of the 
Western Maryland road running north from Emory Grove follows the 
Gunpowder-Monocacy divide as far as Manchester. 

The Forthem Central Eailway enters the State from the north by 
following down the main branch of the Big Gunpowder and does nor 
leave this stream until at Ashland the broad marble lowlands about 
Cockeysville open out and offer an easy crossing to the valley and gorge 
of Jones Falls, which it follows down to Baltimore from Lake Eoland. 

A striking example is afforded by the Maryland and Pennsylvania 
Eailroad which takes advantage of the gorge of Deer Creek to penetrate 
Eocky Eidge. Were it not for the aid thus rendered by the creek the 
engineers of the road would have been obliged to tunnel through the 
obstruction or else have gone a number of miles out of a direct course. 
Deer Creek would not have been located across the quartzite and so could 
not have cut the gorge had it not accidentally taken this position while 
flowing on the Coastal Plain covering from which it was doubtless super¬ 
imposed upon the quartzite. Besides the railway a county road also 
utilizes this gap and there are reasons to suppose that before the advent 
of the white man the Indians also used it as a thoroughfare. 

In conclusion it appears that the topography has very materially con¬ 
trolled the settlement and economic development of the Piedmont 
Plateau, by determining the location of the farms, the mills, and the 
railroads. 


210 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

' Appalachian Eegion. 

The Appalachian Eegion borders the Piedmont Plateau upon the west 
and extends to the western limits of the State. It consists of a series of 
parallel mountain ranges with deep valleys which are cut nearly at right 
angles throughout much of the distance by the Potomac Elver. Many 
of the ranges exceed 2000 feet in elevation while some reach 3000 and 
more in the western portion of the district. The streams have been to 
a large extent adjusted to the rocks over which they flow, although this 
is less evident in cases of the master stream, the Potomac Eiver, than of 
the tributaries. 

THE DIVISIONS OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 

The Appalachian Eegion is divided into three districts, known as the 
Blue Eidge district, the Greater Appalachian A^alley, composed of the 
Great Valley and the Alleghany Eidges, and the Alleghany Plateau. 
Each district presents certain marked physiographic characteristics that 
separate it from the adjacent areas on the east and the west. 

The Blue Eidge district consists of the Catoctin and Blue Eidge moun¬ 
tains uniting to form the greater highland of South Mountain in the 
southern part of Pennsylvania. Beginning with an elevation of 2000 
feet at the Maryland line this highland gradually declines southward to 
the Potomac Eiver where it has an elevation of less than 1500 feet at 
Maryland Heights overlooking the Potomac Valley. The eastern border 
of this district is formed by the Catoctin Mountain which extends as an 
almost unbroken highland from the Pennsylvania line to the Potomac 
Eiver at Point of Eocks. Succeeding the Catoctin upon the west is the 
Middleton Valley which drains southward into the Potomac Eiver 
through the Catoctin Creek. Along the western side of this district is 
the Blue Eidge Mountain proper. It extends as a sharply defined range 
from the South Mountain of Pennsylvania to the Potomac Eiver which 
it reaches at Weverton. Its crests form the boundary line between Fred¬ 
erick and Washington counties. The Blue Eidge in Virginia is not the 
direct continuation of the mountain so named in Maryland but of a 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


211 


smaller range, the Elk Eidge, which adjoins the Blue Kidge on the 
west and reaches the Potomac Biver at Maryland Heights opposite 
Harpers Ferry. 

The Greater Appalachian Valley embraces all of the country lying 
between the Blue Eidge on the east and Dans Mountain or Alleghany 
Front on the west. It admits of a two-fold division into the Great Val¬ 
ley on the east and the zone of Alleghany Eidges on the west. The 
Great Valley, known as the Hagerstown Valley in Maryland, the Cmn- 
berland Valley in Pennsylvania, and the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, 
is a broad lowland, the floor of which averages from 500 to 600 feet in 
elevation, gradually increasing in height from the Potomac Valley 
toward the Pennsylvania line. It extends from the Blue Eidge on the 
east to North Mountain on the west. It is drained by the Antietam 
Eiver on the eastern side and the ConococheagTie Eiver on the western 
side, both of these streams having their sources in Pennsylvania and 
flowing southward to the Potomac Eiver. The Alleghany Eidges which 
extend from North Mountain to the Alleghany Front consist of a series 
of parallel ranges of var 3 dng elevations that extend from north to south 
across the State. Among the more important are North Mountain, 
Tonoloway Eidge, Sideling Hill, Town Hill, Green Mountain, Warrior 
Mountain, Collier Mountain, Martin Mountain, Nicholas Mountain, 
Shriver Eidge, and Wills Mountain. Between them are valleys that are 
drained mainly to the southward into the Potomac Eiver. They vary 
in character, some being narrow and deeply trenched, while in others 
broad level-topped areas appear, the origin of which will be shortly 
discussed. 

The Alleghany Plateau forms the western part of the Appalachian 
Bcigion and extends from the Alleghany Front to the western limits of 
the State. This highland, like the districts which lie to the eastward, 
is continued far beyond the conflnes of the State. To the southward it 
can be traced through Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee to northern 
Alabama where it is known under the name of the Cumberland Plateau. 
In Maryland this district consists of a broad highland across which 
ranges of mountains extend from northeast to southwest, reaching eleva- 


212 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

tions of 3000 feet and more at several points in Big Savage, Great Back¬ 
bone, and Negro mountains. The leading ranges of the district are Dans 
Mountain, Big Savage Mountain, Great Backbone Mountain, Negro 
Mountain, Winding Ridge, and Laurel Hill. The streams flow in part 
to the southward or eastward, as the case may be, into the Potomac River 
and in part to the northward through the Youghiogheny Valley into tiie 
Monongahela River whence the waters reach the sea through the Ohio 
and the Mississippi. The latter district comprises much the larger 
part of Garrett County. 

THE APPALACHIAN PENEPLAINS. 

The Appalachian Region, like the Piedmont Plateau, is composed of 
remnants of old plains which have been cut out from the high plateau, 
now represented by the level-topped crests of the highest ranges. The 
several peneplains succeed each other at different elevations, being rep¬ 
resented by the low crests or broad level-topped valleys that are here 
and there preserved in the highland region. 

The peneplains found represented in the Appalachian Region are the 
continuations westward of the Piedmont peneplains and like them have 
here and there above the ancient surfaces unreduced knobs or moii ad- 
nocks in what were probably interstream areas. As in the Piedmont dis¬ 
trict, the peneplain surfaces rise gradually up the old streams and toward 
the valley sides. 

The Appalachian physiographic history is complicated by the fact that 
the drainage of the area has evidently changed during the period of 
peneplain development, the Potomac drainage having gradually en¬ 
croached upon that of the Youghiogheny to the Avestward. It is prob¬ 
able, therefore, that the peneplains to the Avest of the x411eghany Eront 
as well, perhaps, as those a short distance to the east of the same cannot 
be readily correlated with those farther eastward. On account of the 
higher gradient of the Potomac and its head-Avater tributaries compared 
Avith the Y'oughiogheny and the drainage basin of A\diich it is a part an 
encroachment of the former Avould, in accordance Avith knoAvn physio¬ 
graphic laAvs, naturally result. In this Avay certain physiographic in- 


jMaryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


213 


congruities and even biological peculiarities in the distribution of the 
faunas of the present day may be explained. 

The peneplains recognized in the Appalachian district are known as 
the Schooley, Weverton, Harrisburg, and Somerville plains, all of which 
are found in the Piedmont district to the east. 

ScHOOLEY Peneplain. —The Schooley peneplain which we have 
already found to be represented in the higher crests of the Catoctin and 
Blue Eidge mountains, where it has an elevation of about 1700 feet, is 
continued in Korth Mountain. To the west of this ridge it is again recog¬ 
nized in the level-topped crest of Town Hill where it still has an eleva¬ 
tion of little more than 1700 feet, beyond which it rises gradually in 
Warrior Mountain to an elevation of about 1800 to 1900 feet, in Martin 
Mountain to an elevation of a little under 2000 feet, in Bvitts kloun- 
tain to somewhat over 2200 feet, and in Dans Mountain to about 2500 
feet. To the westward it is found in Big Savage and Great Backbone 
mountains at an elevation of about 3000 feet. 

The Schooley peneplain is thus found to possess a different slope in the 
different portions of the Appalachian Eegion. Throughout the eastern 
portion of the area from Catoctin Mountain to Town Hill, a distance 
of nearly 50 miles, the peneplain surface is nearly horizontal while to 
the westward of this point it slopes at first gradually and then more 
rapidly to the crests of Great Backbone Mountain. The slope of the 
surface throughout the central portion of this region is from 30 to 40 
feet in the mile but it rises to 60 feet in the mile in the western portion 
of the district. 

The Schooley peneplain is closely related to the geology of the district 
in that the level-topped crests which to-day rise to the old Schooley sur¬ 
face consist of the hard unyielding sandstones that have withstood the 
processes of erosion while the associated shales and limestones have been 
gradually reduced by the elevation of the formations in subsequent 
periods. 

Weverton Peneplain.— The Weverton peneplain which is most 
clearly developed in the central Piedmont district, where it has an ele¬ 
vation of about 750 feet, is found represented in the crest of the Catoc- 


214 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

tin Mountain toward the Potomac Eiver at about 1200 feet as well as in 
the Bine Eidge near Weverton and in Elk Eidge at Maryland Heights, 
the latter having an elevation of about 1300 feet. From this point west¬ 
ward it remains nearly horizontal for many miles, in this respect corre¬ 
sponding to the Schooley plain already described. In Green Eidge it is 
still recognized at an elevation of somewhat over 1300 feet, in Boyer 
Knob at an elevation of about 1500 feet, and in Nicholas Mountain at 
an elevation of about 1800 feet. 

The attitude of the Weverton plain has many points of resemblance to 
that of the Schooley peneplain already described. From the Catoctin 
Mountain westward it rises very slowly as far as eastern Allegany County, 
beyond which point it rises more rapidly throughout the central portions 
of that county at the rate of about 30 feet in the mile to its highest 
recognized level in Wills Mountain. i 

It is difficult to correlate this plain with the broad, level-topped upland 
in Georges Creek and in the glades of Garrett County which reach an 
elevation of about 2500 feet. It is probable, as earlier explained, that 
the drainage of the region has changed on account of the shifting of the 
divide westward. At the time the Weverton peneplain was formed it is 
not improbable that the divide stood at the present Alleghany Front in 
Dans Mountain, and possibly even farther eastward for a time. If that 
interpretation is the correct one the higher and less reduced character of 
the broad valleys below the Schooley peneplain may find an adequate 
explanation. 

The Weverton peneplain, like the Schooley peneplain, is closely asso¬ 
ciated with the geology, remnants of the ancient surface being repre¬ 
sented, as in the case of the Schooley peneplain, by level-topped sand¬ 
stone ridges, frequently less fully consolidated in central Allegany 
County than those representing the older surface. 

Harrisburg Peneplain. —The Harrisburg peneplain, which is found 
well developed in the western Piedmont Plateau in the Potomac Valley 
and throughout the Monocacy Valley at an elevation of about 500 feet, 
is observed in the Great Valley at about 600 feet, where it forms the 
tops of the low hills that rise abos^e the lowlands of the valley. Through- 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


215 


out western Washington County this plain gradually rises to 700 feet 
in the district to the north of Indian Springs and to 800 feet to the 
west of Hancock in the broad lowland lying along the eastern flank of 
Sideling Hill. Farther west between Green Eidge and Polish Mountain 
the Harrisburg peneplain is well developed over an extensive area at an 
elevation of 900 feet. This region furnishes perhaps the largest tract 
of the-but'slightly-dissected Harrisburg peneplain of any portion of the 
Appalachian district. Still farther westward remnants of the Harris¬ 
burg plain are found in the broad valley between Iron Ore Eidge and 
Martin Mountain at a height of 1200 feet. Beyond this remnants of 
the plain are observed in Shriver Eidge at an elevation of about 1500 
feet. To this plain may also belong the ridge lying to the west of Wills 
Mountain although this may well have been formed under different 
conditions as previously explained. 

Somerville Peneplain.— The Somerville peneplain which has an 
elevation of somewhat over 450 feet in the western portion of the Pied¬ 
mont district gradually rises to the westward, having an elevation of 
about 500 feet in the Great Valley adjacent to the Potomac Eiver from 
the valley of which it slopes gradually northward toward the Pennsyl¬ 
vania line. Farther westward the Somerville plain slowly rises through 
Washington County, reaching an elevation of about 600 feet to the west 
of Hancock. In eastern Allegany County it has an elevation of about 
700 feet, beyond which it rises somewhat more rapidly, as in the case of 
the Harrisburg peneplain, to 800 feet along the Potomac Eiver in the 
central part of the county. From here it rises along the tributaries of 
the Potomac to the northward and also along the main stream westward 
to somewhat over 1200 feet to the north and northeast of Cumberland. 
The Somerville peneplain is very well shown at a large number of points 
throughout the Appalachian district in the Potomac Valley but gradu¬ 
ally disappears up the valleys of the various tributaries. 

STREAM VALLEYS. 

The present valleys have trenched the peneplain surfaces to greater or 
less depths. Along the Potomac the trenching was mainly post-Somer- 


21G Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


ville, but up the tributaries, where the Somerville peneplain gradually 
disappears, the trenching was in part produced at the time of the forma¬ 
tion of the Somerville peneplain itself and in some instances represents 
an even longer period of cutting. 

The streams are to a considerable extent adjusted to the present struc¬ 
ture, producing what has been described as a trellis or grape-vine sys¬ 
tem. At times wind-gaps are found cutting the crests of the mountains 
and representing the location of the streams across the hard rocks before 
they had been tapped by the tributary of some larger stream flowing 
along the softer beds, generally in a direction at right angles to the 
original system. 

At the point where the streams cross the hard sandstone ridges deep 
gorges result, but in the softer beds the channels are frequently wider, 
with low banks on either side. 

ECONOMIC PPIYSIOGRAPHY OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 

Lines op Communication. —The obstacles offered by the successive 
parallel ridges of the Appalachian province delayed the westward move¬ 
ment of the population in colonial days and restricted the east and west 
lines of travel to the vallej^s of the Potomac, the Susquehanna, and the 
James. The earliest inhabitants found these natural highways already 
selected as the lines of communication between the distant parts of the 
great Indian Confederac}^ and accepted the experience of the aborigines 
by buildipg their roads along the same lines. 

As the population of the western portions of the State increased, the 
demand for more perfect highways became urgent, so that before the 
end of the eighteenth century several well-defined lines of travel had 
been established between the tidewater regions along the Atlantic and 
the Ohio drainage. The Cumberland road extended from Washington 
to Cumberland via Hagerstown and Hancock, and thus followed the line 
of easiest travel along the valley and across the divides at their lowest 
points. Beyond Cumberland the road was extended across Big Savage 
Mountain and the Alleghany Plateau, keeping on the divide between the 
Potomac and Youghiogheny until it entered the valley of the latter, 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE VI. 



Pig. 1.—View of Cumberland showing the Narrows of Wills Mountain, 

Allegany County. 



Fig. 2.—View of the Valley of Monroe Run cut in the Old Peneplain, 

Garrett County. 


VIEWS OF APPALACHIAN SCENERY. 










218 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


which it followed to the Monoriigahela, and thence down stream to Pitts¬ 
burg. 

Later the promoters of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal gained the 
right of way up the Potomac Valley which is followed to Cumberland. 
The course of the Potomac at Harpers Perry and Point of Eocks offered 
the easiest means of communication across the Blue Eidge district, and 
when once occupied the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal effectually stopped 
the westward progress of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad along the 
same route until a compromise was effected in 1832. West of Cumber¬ 
land the railroads crossing the State follow the valleys of the rivers, 
utilizing the courses of the Potomac Eiver, Wills Creek, Georges Creek, 
Jennings Eun, the Savage Eiver, and the Youghiogheny Eiver. 

Katural Eesources.- —The resources of the Appalachians are varied 
and valuable. The early settlers found the mountains clothed with 
dense forests of pine and hard wood, but they lacked the means for 
transporting the lumber to a ready market. Even now with a canal 
and several railroads the cost of hauling from the forest to the point 
of shipment is so great as seriously to reduce the profits of the lumbering 
trade. 

The many varieties of soils in the Appalachians are closely related to 
the geological formations, and their distribution is clearly influenced by 
the geological structure. Since most of the higher hills and sharp 
ridges are due to the presence of heavy beds of silicious sandstone, the 
soils of the upper slopes are generally sandy and poor. Beneath these 
strata come beds of shales which are sometimes calcareous, so that the 
lower slopes, hills, and subsequent valleys contain soils which, while some- , 
what stony, give fair yields in wheat, corn, etc. 

The Great Valley, with its rich limestone soil and easy means of 
access from the north and south, forms a broad band of the most fertile 
lands in the State. If it had not been for the re-elevation of the Shenan¬ 
doah plain this district would be most favorable to farming. As it is, 
the rolling surface and steep valley slopes are somewhat difficult to till 
with ease. The land is so rich, however, that the whole stretch of the 
valley is or might be under cultivation. 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


PLATE VII 



Georges Creek Valley, near Barton, Allegany County. 


VIEW OF APPALACHIAN SCENERY 






220 Maetlaistd at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


The chief sources of mineral wealth in the province are the deposits 
of coal, iron, and cement rock. The coal beds are the remnants of larger 
areas preserved by their depression below the limits of erosion during 
the formation of the Schooley peneplain. They have proved of inesti¬ 
mable value to the citizens of the State. The Clinton iron ores were 
formerly very valuable, but in the present state of the iron market they 
are of relatively little importance. The cement rock is obtained from 
certain portions of the Silurian limestones and is the basis of a growing 
industry. The exposures are favorably situated alopg the lines of travel, 
so that the mills have every advantage for the shipment of their product. 

Inhabitants.— The physiography, industries, and resources of the 
Appalachain province have strongly influenced the character and occu¬ 
pation of the inhabitants, who may be grouped into several well-marked 
classes. In the higher, more rugged and less populated portions of the 
area are the mountaineers, who gain their livelihood by lumbering and 
desultory farming. Gathered about the rich deposits of coal, iron ore, 
and cement are miners, who are occupied almost exclusively in the ex¬ 
traction of wealth from the underlying rocks. They present a class of 
marked characteristics in education, training, religion, and nationality. 
The valleys between the mountains, especially the Great Valley, and the 
larger, more level areas of the glades, furnish incentive and opportunity 
for farming communities, which are reasonably well recompensed for 
their efforts in the tilling of the soil. In the cities and large towns are 
concentrated those who serve as distributing agents for the products of 
the land and the necessities of the inhabitants. 


GEOLOGY. 


The geology of Maxyland, as well as its physiography, shows an inti¬ 
mate relationship to the adjacent areas upon the north and south, so 
that its complete interpretation can be gained only by taking into con¬ 
sideration the great eastern border region of which the State is not only 
geogTaphically, but geologically a part. Frequent reference will, there¬ 
fore, be made in the succeeding pages to the general distribution and 
relations of the geological formations found represented within the 
limits of the State, although the detailed descriptions will be confined to 
those features more particularly characteristic of the Maryland area. 

The State of Maryland is so situated as to display, in spite of its 
comparatively small size, less than 10,000 square miles of land area, a 
remarkable sequence of geological formations. The most ancient rocks 
which made up the earth’s crust as well as those still in the process of 
deposition are here found, while between these wide limits there is 
hardly an important geological epoch which is not represented. It is 
doubtful whether any other State in the Union contains as full a history 
of the earth’s past. To make the completeness of this record in Maryland 
somewhat more intelligible it is well to consider the basis on which 
geologists are able to determine the succession of deposits. 

Geology in its broadest aspects must be regarded as the science of 
the earth from its earliest beginnings down to the present day, and as 
such stands in close relationship to the science of astronomy in its study 
of the origin of the solar system. In the absence of any other satis¬ 
factory theory, most geologists to-day accept the nebular hypothesis of 
Kant and Laplace to explain the evolution of the solar system. Accord¬ 
ing to this hypothesis, the solar system was developed from a mass of 
nebulous matter, which extended far beyond the present orbit of the 
most distant planet, and was rotating slowly in the direction in which the 
planets now rotate. As a result of rotation this mass gradually contracted 
and increased its speed of rotation. It was formerly thought that sue- 


232 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

cessive rings were thrown off which broke and contracted into the pres¬ 
ent planets; but by analogy with the many nebulse which have become 
known in the last fifty years, it is now thought more probable that the 
planets originated in special points of condensation of the nebula. Com¬ 
parisons of the spectra of the comets and nebnlse with those of meteors 
led Sir Norman Lockyer to the view that these bodies were made up of 
swarms of meteors whose temperature was raised by impact among them¬ 
selves; and he contended that the solar system had its origin in such a 
swarm. Prof. George H. Darwin showed that such a swarm would prob¬ 
ably act practically like a mass of gas and that the solar system under 
this hypothesis would develop in exactly the same way as under the 
hypothesis of a gaseous origin, a high temperature being caused by the 
impact of the meteors analogous to that produced by the contraction of 
the gas. This modification of the nebular hypothesis does not require 
any material change in the history of the solar system. As contraction 
and condensation proceeded, the ancestors of the planets became hotter 
and hotter, and finally reached a stage like that of our present sun; as 
they became still denser, their power of condensation diminished, and 
their comparatively small masses have allowed them to cool sufficiently to 
become solid, though the immense sun still retains enough heat to keep it 
in a gaseous or liquid state. In the case of the earth, as it continued to 
cool it is probable that the solid rock first formed at the surface, but on 
account of its greater density, sank through the underlying liquid, and 
gradually built up a solid foundation from the center to the surface. The 
very small conductivity of rock for heat has only allowed a very thin shell 
of the earth near the surface to cool appreciably below the temperature 
at which it first solidified. This view has been largely strengthened by 
the calculations of Lord Kelvin, who assuming that heat had not been 
developed within the earth since its solidification in sufficient quantities 
materially to alter the temperature gradiant near the surface, showed 
that the well-known increase of temperature underground could only be 
accounted for on the supposition that the earth was at one time hot 
enough to be liquid. Within a few years Prof. T. C. Chamberlin has 
advanced the suggestion that the earth was built up by the accumulation 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


223 


of meteors which fell at such a slow rate that the heat of impact was 
dissipated pari passu, and that the internal heat of the earth is due to 
the compression of the earth under the weight of its own parts. Still 
more recently, Prof. E. Rutherford has suggested that the internal heat 
is produced by the radium distributed throughout the earth. The last 
two hypotheses deny the assumption which is the basis of Lord Kelvin’s 
calculation, and thus cast discredit on the resulting age of the earth; 
but under any hypothesis we are forced to believe that many millions of 
years have passed since life first appeared on the earth. We get still 
further conception of the vast lapses of time which these early rocks 
imply, when we discover that, even after the waters had become suited 
for living beings, a greater part of the development and differentiation 
of organic life went on in forms which have left no trace of their ex¬ 
istence. Hardly a more remarkable fact confronts us in geology than 
the variety and the complexity of types in the earliest rocks which con¬ 
tain any trace of life at all. The fact, which is all the more remark¬ 
able for being attested by the best evidence from all parts of the earth’s 
surface, compels us to assign to the history of life before its first per¬ 
manent record was made, a longer period perhaps than all the time that 
has since elapsed, unless the view more recently advanced that accelera¬ 
tion of development took place in the case of the earliest sea floor-dwellers 
is shown to be true. The earliest forms were either unsuited for preser¬ 
vation or else they have been obliterated in the subsequent alteration of 
the rocks containing them. 

All of the oldest rocks which are to-day entirely without, or with only 
slight traces of former life, are referred to the first great division of 
geological history called “ Archean Time.” These oldest rocks are 
largely crystalline in character, so that there can be but little chance of 
encountering organic forms, even had they earlier existed in the strata. 
Even the least altered deposits, although they have afforded a few scat¬ 
tered remains of archaic forms at certain points, contain nothing more 
than the merest traces of the organisms of this early tiine. 

When, however, life does once appear in all its variety, it is well nigh 
the same in all the older rocks. In the most widely separated localities 


224 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


the same types recur in rocks of the same age^ and this furnishes us 
with the key to the succession of deposits. From the time when the 
oldest fossil-bearing stratum was deposited until now, the story of life- 
progress and development is told by the rocks with sufficient clearness to 
be unmistakable. Local differences of conditions have probably always 
prevailed, as they do now, but the same types of organisms have always 
lived at the same time over the entire globe, so their remains serve as 
sufficient criteria for the correlation of the strata which contains them. 
The sequence of life-forms once made out gives us, for the whole earth, 
the means for fixing the order of deposits even when this is most pro¬ 
foundly disarranged by foldings of the strata into mountains or by other 
earth movements. 

Geologists clistinguish three principal divisions in the history of life 
as read in the record of the rocks. During the earliest of these great 
time-divisions, archaic forms of life flourished—uncouth fishes, crusta¬ 
ceans, mollusks, and tree-ferns—most of them very unlike those now 
extant. On this account this is known as the period of most ancient life 
or Paleozoic Time. To this succeeded a long lapse of ages when enor¬ 
mous reptiles predominated, associated with other types more like those 
that now inhabit the globe. To this is given the name of middle life 
or Mesozoic Time. Finally living things began to assume the form and 
appearance with which we are familiar, so that this last grand time- 
division, which includes the present, is designated as the period of 
recent life or Cenozoic Time. 

Each of these three grand divisions of geologic time is in its turn 
separated into shorter subdivisions called Periods, characterized by their 
own peculiar types of life; and the several periods themselves are di¬ 
vided into Epochs, which vary more or less in character according to the 
region where they are developed. For this reason the chronological and 
stratigraphical divisions require an independent nomenclature, although 
this duality of geological classification can in most instances be readily 
adjusted to the contingencies of each district. The stratigraphical divi¬ 
sions are usually designated by local terms. 

In Maryland we have representatives not merely of the great time- 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


225 


divisions, but of each subordinate period, as well as of many of the 
epochs. This may be best appreciated by referring to the accompanying 
geological map and to the table of geological formations which follows. 


TABLE OF MAETLAND FOEMATIONS. 

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. 


Cenozoic. 

Quaternary. 

Recent. 

Pleistocene 


Tertiary. 

Pliocene 

Miocene 


Eocene 


.Talbot .... 
Wicomico . 
Sunderland 

. Lafayette. 

. St. Mary’s 
Choptank . 
Calvert ... 
.Nanjemoy 
Aquia . . .. 


Mesozoic. 

Cretaceous. 

Upper Cretaceous 


Lower Cretaceous 


Jurassic (?) 

Upper Jurassic (?) 


. Rancocas. 
Monmouth. 
Matawan. 
Magothy. 
.Raritan . .. 
Patapsco .. 


.Arundel 

Patuxent 


= Columbia Group. 


Chesapeake Group. 


Pamunkey Group. 


= Potomac Group. 


Triassic.Newark. 


Paleozoic. 

Permian . 

Carboniferous. 

Pennsylvanian 


Mississippian 


Dunkard . ... 

Monongabela . 
Conemaugh . . 
Allegheny . .. 
Pottsville . ... 
Mauch Chunk. 
Greenbrier. 
Pocono. 


=: Coal Measures. 






























226 


Makyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


Devonian. 

Upper Devonian .... Hampshire. 

Jennings. 

Chemung. 

Portage. 

Genesee. 

Middle Devonian ... Romney. 

Hamilton. 

Marcellus. 

Lower Devonian .... Oriskany. 

Helderberg. 

Becraft. 

New Scotland. 

Coeymans. 

Silurian .Cayugan. 

Manlius. 

Salina. 

Niagara. 

Clinton. 

Tuscarora. 

Juniata. 

'1 Peachbottom slate. 

Ordovician .Martinsburg .W Cardiff quartzite. 

Wissahickon pbyllite and 
schist. 


Cambrian 


Arcbean. 

Algonkian 


Shenandoah... 

(upper part) 
Shenandoah... 

(lower part) 
Antietam .... 

Harpers . 

Weverton .... 
Loudon . 


'? Cockeysville marble. 

Setters quartzite and 
mica schist. 


Baltimore gneiss (in part). 


Mesozoic. 

Triassic 


IGNEOUS ROCKS. 
Diabase. 


Paleozoic-Archean.Pegmatite. 

Peridotite, pyroxenite, and serpentine. 

Basic volcanics-—Meta-andesite, meta-basalt. 
Acid volcanics—Meta-rhyolite. 

Granites. 

Gabbro, norite, meta-gabbro. 

Baltimore gneiss (in part). 

















Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


227 


As has been pointed out in the physiographic description of the State, 
Maryland's territory falls naturally into three sharply contrasted prov¬ 
inces: an eastern coastal plain bordering the Atlantic Ocean and sur¬ 
rounding the Chesapeake P>ay; a central plateau; and a western region 
of mountains. These three main physiographic divisions were found 
capable of further differentiation into seven topographic belts, and these 
seven subordinate regions are each composed of a distinct series of geo¬ 
logical formations. This may be perceived readily by examiniug the 
geological map. 

The separateness of the formations is less pronounced in the two di¬ 
visions of the Coastal Plain, although the northeast-southwest trend of 
the nearly horizontal beds produces a predominance of the later Cenozoic 
formations on the Eastern Shore and of the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic 
deposits on the Western Shore. 

In the Piedmont Plateau the twofold character of the province is 
more marked geologically. On the eastern side of Parrs Eidge the 
ancient sediments are highly metamorphosed by a development of new 
textures and minerals due to the recrystallization of the material under 
great pressure. This division is also marked by the presence of large 
masses of granular igneous rock which consolidated at great depths be¬ 
neath the surface of the earth. On the western side of the median ridge 
the sediments are less metamorphosed and less thoroughly recrystallized 
although their original textures have been more or less obliterated. 
There is also marked lack of deep-seated igneous rocks which are here 
represented by smaller masses of surface volcanics, both acid and basic, 
which have been less thoroughly recrystallized than their analogues in 
the eastern district. Along the western border of this western district, 
between the Monocacy and the mountains, the early Paleozoics have only 
slightly changed, the blue limestones of the Frederick Valley resembling 
the contemporaneous limestones of the Hagerstown A^alley farther west. 
Immediately east of the mountains the earlier rocks are covered with the 
slightly inclined unmetamorphosed red and gray sandstones and con¬ 
glomerates of Mesozoic age and intruded by the diabase dikes of the 
same period. 


228 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

The threefold division of the Appalachian Eegion corresponds approxi¬ 
mately to the threefold division in the sequence of the Paleozoic strata. 
The Blue Eidge and Great Valley are made up largely of Cambrian and 
Ordovician beds, in places so developed or eroded as to expose the asso¬ 
ciated igneous rocks; the Appalachian Mountains proper are made up of 
sharply folded Silurian and Devonian strata, each easily recognized by the 
characteristic life-forms; while the Alleghany Plateau is mainly com¬ 
posed of more gently folded later Devonian and Carboniferous deposits, 
carrying the valuable coal seams of the Cumberland basin. 

Such, in brief, is the distribution of the geologic formations in Mary¬ 
land and their connection with the easily recognized types of surface 
configuration occurring within the State. The sequence is of remarkable 
completeness and of great interest on account of the many types of topo¬ 
graphy and soils which the various formations produce. In the succeed¬ 
ing pages the geological history of each of the three provinces—plateau, 
mountains, and coast plain—will be traced out in more detail. A some¬ 
what different sequence will be followed than in the preceding physio¬ 
graphic sketch, the Piedmont Plateau being considered first, as it is the 
oldest, and then in order the Appalachian Eegion, which is next in age, 
and finally the Coastal Plain, which is the youngest portion of the State. 
Constant reference to the geological map will be found of service in fol¬ 
lowing the descriptions which will be given. 

The Piedmont Plateau. 

A clear understanding of the various formations found within the 
limits of the Mar 3 dand portion of the Piedmont Plateau can only be 
gained through a consideration of the conditions present throughout the 
great Piedmont area of eastern North America, which, as already de¬ 
scribed, is well recognized as a broad upland lying at the eastern slope of 
the Blue Eidge, extending from Alabama northward as far as NeAV 
York. Throughout this region are exposed numerous highly crystal¬ 
line gneisses and schists associated with crystalline limestone, quartzites, 
and igneous rocks here and there covered by Triassic shales and sand¬ 
stones. Northward from New York the physiographic unity of the 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


229 


Piedmont Plateau is less evident but the same highly crystalline rocks 
may be traced across New England to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. 
Within this whole province the rocks are so crystalline as to make fossils 
rare, while their structure presents some of the most puzzling problems 
in American geology. 

The deciphering of the various formations occurring within the Pied¬ 
mont is still in progress and many areas are yet unstudied, but the areal 
distribution of the various deposits throughout the territory north of 
Virginia has been determined with sufficient accuracy to indicate the 
various types of rock present. 

STRUCTURAL RELATIONS OF THE PIEDMONT FORMATIONS. 

A knowledge of the character of the major structures along the eastern 
Atlantic coast from New Jersey southward and the position of the 
Maryland deposits with respect to these structures is also necessary for a 
proper understanding of the structural relations of the Piedmont deposits 
of Maryland. The facts given below are familiar to students of Ameri¬ 
can geology, but it seems desirable to restate them in relation to the 
Piedmont rocks under discussion. 

Among the more striking features of the continental structure along 
the eastern coast of the continent is the generally northeasterly trend of 
the folds in the rocks constituting the Appalachians. This structure 
holds for most of the territory from Alabama to Maryland and from 
New York City northward to the Canadian boundary. In tbe regions 
of Maryland and Pennsylvania, however, there is a marked deflection of 
these parallel folds, Avith the result that they are found to trend in 
Pennsylvania almost due east and west from the Maryland line to the 
Delaware. Beyond the Delaware the formations gradually resume their 
northerly trend. 

Starting on the west with the faulted and sharply folded anticlines of 
the Blue Bidge, bordered on either side by Cambrian rocks and asso¬ 
ciated igneous masses, one may pass successively eastward through Mary¬ 
land across the gently eastward sloping limestones of the Frederick 
Valley, which in turn, appear to dip under the so-called semi-crystallines 


230 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

or phyllites of the Piedmont. Between the eastern limits of the lime¬ 
stones and the western boundary of the marbles of the eastern division of 
the Maryland Piedmont, in Frederick, Howard, and Carroll counties, is 
an area which needs more study before its structure can be adequately 
described. Preliminary work has, however, shown a vast mass of more 
or less metamorphosed rocks including old volcanics, both acid and basic, 
gneisses and schists, limestones and phyllites which are similar to the 
rocks of the eastern division of the Piedmont. These various rocks 
show the same order of occurrence, but the manner in which this sequence 
is repeated a,gain and again has not yet been deciphered. While the 
detailed structure is not fully known, it seems probable that there exists 
in this part of the State a very open general structure by which the beds 
lie almost horizontal in their major folds, with a much compressed and 
occasionally overturned subordinate structure, which, because of the 
numerous minor folds, give to the rocks an appearance of highly in¬ 
clined and complicated folding. 

East of Parrs Eidge the rocks are more crystalline and the folding 
is a little more pronounced in its general features, with a change in the 
strike of the axes of the major folds in conformity with the change of 
direction in the continental folding previously described. Between the 
area of more open folding, just mentioned, on the northwest and the 
cover of Coastal Plain deposits on the southeast one may readily recog¬ 
nize in the Maryland area the broad synclinal trough of the eastern 
phyllite belt and that of the Cockeysville marble, separated by a dome¬ 
like anticline of the Baltimore gneiss extending approximately from 
Eeisterstown to Jarrettsville. Still farther east, separated from the 
Cockeysville synclinorium in part by a southern anticlinal border of 
Baltimore gneiss, is a broad zone of igneous rocks composed of gabhros, 
granites, and other plutonic types which occupy most of the eastern 
border of the Piedmont between Wilmington, Delaware, and Laurel, 
Maryland. 

Minor igneous masses are found with the same general trend, and 
these are seen to be rather closely associated with the structure lines of 
the region, occupying as they generally do anticlinal axes. This rela- 


Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


231 


tion to the structure lines is particularly well shown in the case of the 
long belt of serpentines extending from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 
across the Susquehanna Eiver almost to the nose of the northern anti¬ 
cline of the Baltimore gneiss. Farther to the southwest, almost on the 
strike of this anticlinal axis, begins a long and somewhat narrow body of 
granite extending from Sykesville, on the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad, 
southward past Washington and thence continuing probably as far as 
the region about Fredericksburg, Virginia. 


METAMORPHISM. 

The older rocks of the Piedmont have suffered more or less recrystal¬ 
lization and textural modification since their formation. This meta¬ 
morphism has not been uniformly distributed over the entire region, 
but is much accentuated in the eastern portion of the Maryland area, 
where the rocks are thoroughly recrystallized and often lack in great 
measure their original textures. The original clays and sands of the 
sedimentaries have been changed to micaceous schists, gneisses, and 
quartzites and the various igneous rocks have been greatly modified in 
texture and occasionally in mineralogical composition. The textural 
change which is most evident is a marked development of lamination or 
schistosity which is to be noticed in all of the rock types. The change 
from massive to schistose rocks has not been uniform over the entire dis¬ 
trict or even over the more metamorphosed eastern section, but seems 
to be locally accentuated along lines which probably indicate zones of 
greater dynamic action. 

The schistosity developed in the rocks of the Piedmont partakes of 
the general northeast-southwest trend of the province and varies in dip, 
sometimes to the eastward and sometimes to the westward. It is present 
in both the sedimentary and igneous rocks. In the latter, it is sometimes 
so strongly developed that the resulting rocks, in small areas, present 
the appearance of metamorphosed sediments, although one may find all 
gradations between the unaltered massive types and the equivalent fissile 
schists. In the sedimentary rocks the schistosity is developed to a de- 


232 Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

gree which greatly obscures the original bedding and oftentimes renders 
the determination of bedding-planes impossible. 

The development of schistosity is accompanied by a recrystallization 
of the affected rocks^ which may simply result in a new development of 
the mineral species found in the original rock or in a molecular rearrange¬ 
ment producing many new minerals. Thus the gneisses are composed 
of recrystallized quartz, feldspar, and micaceous material, Avhile the 
feldspars of some of the granites, the meta-rhyolites, gabbros, and dio- 
rites have been changed to epidote, and the pyroxenes to fibrous or com¬ 
pact hornblende. The new minerals usually lie with their longer axes 
parallel to the planes of schistosity. In the case of the mica-schists, 
phyllites, and slates the original material has been changed to musco¬ 
vite, chlorite, and quartz with accessory minerals such as garnet, stauro- 
lite, cyanite, etc. 


RELATIONS OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN DISTRICTS OF THE PIEDMONT. 

The division of the Piedmont Plateau into an eastern district com¬ 
posed of much metamorphosed, highly crystalline rocks, and a Avestern 
district characterized by less metamorphosed, so-called ‘‘ semi-crystal¬ 
line,” rocks has long been recognized but Avas first sharply emphasized 
by the late Professor Williams in 1891, aaTo regarded the eastern area 
as composed of rocks far more ancient than those in the western district 
and that they extended westward, forming a floor upon which the younger 
phyllites were deposited. He also believed that the eastern district had 
already been much folded and metamorphosed before the phyllites had 
been laid doAvn. As a conclusive argument against the identity of age of 
the semi-crystalline rocks of the Avestern district and the holocrystalline 
rocks of the eastern district, he summarized five points Avhich have been 
much Aveakened by later more detailed Avork in the area. There remain, 
however, many noticeable differences betAveen the rocks of the region 
about Baltimore and those of Carroll, HoAvard, and Frederick counties 
and the division into districts is still retained in the present discussion 


Makyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


233 


because of these differences, and also because the amount of knowledge 
gained by the present Geological Survey is very different in respect to 
the two districts. The eastern district has been mapped in detail and 
the facts regarding the geology of this region are now sufficient to deter¬ 
mine many of the problems which this exceedingly complex region pre¬ 
sents. The western district, on the contrary, because of the lack of 
suitable maps, is much less completely understood and the statements 
concerning it must be regarded as based upon much less satisfactory 
information. 

The rocks of the Piedmont of Maryland as a whole, may be divided 
into several groups, the highly crystalline^metamorphic sedimentaries of 
the eastern district, with their associated igneous rocks, their less altered 
equivalents of Cambro-Ordovician age in the western district, with their 
associated volcanic rocks and the much 5 ^ounger sedimentary and igneous 
rocks of the Mesozoic. The various rocks which are most prominently 
developed will be more fully discussed in the succeeding pages. 

EASTEEN DISTEICT. 

The rocks of the eastern district of the Piedmont show a clearly 
established sequence which may also be recognized, in part at least, at 
many points in the less well-known western district. Similar sequences 
in rocks of known age are recognized at many points in the Piedmont 
areas of adjoining states and, while there are yet many unexplained diffi¬ 
culties, the assignments of geological age given in the accompanying table 
appear to be those most in harmony with all the facts now at hand. 

FORMATIONS OF THE EASTERN PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 

Sedimentary Rocks. 

Paleozoic. 

Ordovician (?) .Peachbottom slate. 

Cardiff quartzite. 

Wissahickon phyllites and schists. 

Cambro-Ordovician (?) .Cockeysville marble. 

Cambrian (?) .Setters quartzite and mica schist. 

Archean. 

Archean or Algonkian (?) .Baltimore gneiss (in part). 






234 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Igneous Rocks. 


Mesozoic. 

Triassic .Diabase. 

Paleozoic Archean .Acid volcanics (meta-rhyolite). 

Pegmatite. 


Peridotite, pyroxenite, and serpentine. 

Granites. 

Gabbro, norite, and meta-gabbro. 

Baltimore gneiss (in part). 

Jlighhj Metamorphosed Sedimentary Rod's. 

The rocks lying east of Parrs Eidge and forming the eastern district 
of the Piedmont, with the exception of a few dikes of Mesozoic diabase, 
consist of metamorphosed sediments, and a diversified complex of in¬ 
truded igneous rocks which have themselves been more or less meta¬ 
morphosed from their original massive condition to schistose or lami¬ 
nated rocks. Each of the metamorphosed formations, beginning with 
the oldest, will be discussed in turn and then the various igneous rocks 
which represent one or more periods of igneous activity in a common 
parent magma. 

The Baltimore Gneiss.— The oldest formation in Maryland is the 
Baltimore gneiss, which occurs in several Avell-defined areas between the 
Susquehanna and Potomac rivers. The easternmost of these Baltimore 
gneiss occurrences is within the area of Cecil County, east of the Susque¬ 
hanna Eiver, and extends from this point southwestward, widening to an 
area of five miles or more in breadth where it is overlain by Coastal 
Plain deposits in Harford County. This formation is limited on either 
side by igneous rocks. A northern outlier a mile or less in Avidth ex¬ 
tending for several miles southwestward from the Susquehanna Eiver 
probably represents a detached portion of this larger mass lying a little 
to the south. 

The second area of Baltimore gneiss is found in an anticlinal dome, 
15 miles lolig and 5 miles broad, lying on either side of the Northern 
Central Eailroad 10 miles south of the ]\tason and Dixon Line and 20 
miles north of Baltimore. Three smaller areas occur in the vicinity of 




Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


235 


Baltimore. Two of them are portions of anticlinal domes which are 
either completely enclosed by overlying sediments or cut ofl; by faults 
and igneous rocks, while the third, underlying the northwestern part of 
Baltimore City, is entirely surrounded by gabhro and other igneous 
masses and is overlain in great measure by the Coastal Plain deposits. 

The rocks in each of these areas consist of highly crystalline gneisses 
composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, with accessory minerals, which 
are so distributed as to produce well-marked, gray banded-gneisses, the 
individual bands of which vary from a fraction of an inch to several 
feet, the average thickness, however, being quite slight. Some of these 
bands are highly quartzose, resembling a micaceous quartzite; others are 
rich in biotite or hornblende, producing dark schists, which in a hand 
specimen are indistinguishable from metamorphosed igneous masses. 
Within the areas of Baltimore gneiss are also numerous small bodies of 
metamorphosed granites and more basic igneous rocks, which have been 
intruded into the gneiss and subsequently metamorphosed until they are 
practically indistinguishable from it. The differences in character can 
now and then be recognized, but it has not been found possible to carry 
the mapping of these small igneous intrusions from one exposure to 
another. 

Sometimes separated by an appreciable unconformity and at other 
times separated by no apparent line, the Baltimore gneiss, unless bounded 
by igneous rocks or faults, is overlain by the next succeeding formation. 

The Setters Quartzite. —The Setters quartzite occurs usually as a 
narrow rim on the flanks of the areas of Baltimore gneiss, but is not con¬ 
tinuous or always present. Thus in the easternmost areas of Baltimore 
gneiss previously described no Setters quartzite is recognized. It is 
found, however, skirting the anticlinal dome of Baltimore gneiss in 
northern Baltimore County, where it occurs as a single band on the 
eastern end of the dome and as a series of somewhat parallel ridges on 
the northwestern slope of the anticline, where the contact between the 
underlying gneiss and the quartzite is near the present surface of the 
country. On the southern slopes of the dome the quartzite is frequently 
lacking along the Avestern half, but is found in varying thickness along 


236 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

the eastern part of the anticline. The quartzite also occurs in the smaller 
anticline about a granite mass in the vicinity of Warren, just south of 
the previously described anticlinal dome. 

Quartzite in Setters Eidge occurs as a continuous belt about the small 
anticlinal dome lying 10 miles northwest of Baltimore between the 
Northern Central and Western Maryland railroads. The formation here 
is of rather uniform thickness and stands at a steep, sometimes over¬ 
turned, angle on the flanks of the gneiss. Across the valley of Lake 
Eoland is a similar, though less well-defined, anticlinal arch of more 
complicated structure, along the side of which may be seen the Setters 
quartzite, extending from the ISTorthern Central Eailroad on the west, 
eastward as far as the nose of the anticline at Glenarm, where it passes 
under the overlying formations, or is cut off by igneous rocks. 

On the western side of the Baltimore area, extending southward 
through Howard County, may be found occasional exposures of Setters 
quartzite between the gneiss and the marble. The work in this area has 
not been completed, but it seems quite probable that the quartzite will be 
found developed as a more or less continuous stratum lying between the 
Baltimore gneiss on the east and the overlying marble on the west, as 
it has already been recognized in this position at many points. 

The quartzite is a fine-grained, somewhat saccharoidal, thin-bedded 
rock of white or cream color in its typical development along Setters 
Eidge. At this point the beds are usually separated by thin films of 
muscovite or sericite in small sparkling flakes. On the surface between 
the individual beds are black tourmalines, which have been more or less 
disturbed, as is shown by the stretching which they have undergone. 
The Setters quartzite as a formation is, however, somewhat more variable 
than was at first supposed from the study of the original locality on the 
south side of Oreen Spring Valley. Locally, the rock may become very 
vitreous and massive. At other times, it becomes more argillaceous, 
with a development of garnets, staurolite, and other accessory minerals. 
The development of such minerals causes this quartzite formation to 
simulate in lithologic character the overlyipg Wissahickon mica-schist, 
and at times occasions considerable confusion. The more quartzose 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


237 


layers may be intimately interbedcled with the more micaceous and gar- 
netiferous ones toward the center of the formation, and the upper por¬ 
tion of the formation when well developed may be highly micaceous and 
garnetiferous. The development of this micaceous phase of the Setters 
formation is especially marked along the valley at Stringtown, in the 
northeastern extension of the limestone valley near Glenarm, and in the 
small anticline at Warren, especially near the mouth of Eoyston Branch. 
In all of these instances the micaceous member of the quartzite is seen 
to U7iderlie the marble and to overlie or to be interbedded with the more 
quartzose phases of the Setters formation. 

The Cockeysville Marble. —The maximum development of the 
Cockeysville marble is found in the synclinorinm lying between the anti¬ 
clines of Baltimore gneiss and quartzite about 10 miles north of Balti¬ 
more City, and on the flanks of the anticlinal dome northeast of Eeisters- 
town. It is here found underlying the Wissahickon mica-schist, and 
overlying the quartzite, the various formations recurring at the surface 
through numerous foldings, the contact between the marble and the adja¬ 
cent formations lying very close to the present surface of the country. 
Southwest from these larger areas of Cockeysville marble the formation 
may be traced with little or no interruption in well-defined valleys to the 
vicinity of Clarksville, in Howard County. The details regarding the 
southwestern exposure of the Cockeysville marble are not all worked out, 
and it seems quite probable, from the facts at hand, that there is a fault 
striking northwest and southeast and extending southeastward to a point 
near Laurel. 

The marble occurring in these areas is in the majority of instances rich 
in magnesium and should be called a dolomite. This is particularly true 
at the type locality, Cockeysville, but there are frequent changes in the 
amount of magnesium present, and one often finds magnesium-free, or 
magnesium-poor rocks in proximity to the dolomitic varieties. The 
changes in composition are sharp and generally easily recognized by the 
qnarip'men, who are assisted by the fact that the dolomitic marble aver¬ 
ages finer grained and richer in magnesinm-mica than the better-burn¬ 
ing, ma,gnesinm-poor rocks. Attempts have been made by acid tests in 


238 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


the field to recognize some stratigraphic distribution of the mag-nesium 
and calcinm-rich rocks^ bnt these have failed. On the contrary, it has 
been found that there are rapid, sharp alterations of the two types in a 
way which strongly suggests that Avhatever dolomitization occurred must 
have taken place prior to emergence from the sea and probably contempo¬ 
raneously with the formation of the deposit. No fossils have been found 
in the marbles, and as they are highly crystalline, it is very doubtful if 
any will be found. 

The Wissahickon Phyllites and Schists. —The position which 
this formation holds in the stratigraphic sequence of rocks appears very 
clear in the district under discussion, where in each instance it is appar¬ 
ently younger than the marble and consequently younger than both the 
Setters quartzite and the Baltimore gneiss. In contiguous areas there 
are phenomena which suggest that this is not the true sequence and that 
this formation is really older even than the Baltimore gneiss. Until this 
suggested abnormal sequence can be established beyond reasonable doubt, 
it seems wiser to hold to the relations which the Maryland area suggests. 
The difficulty arises from two facts regarding the Wissahickon formation 
as recognized in Maryland. The first is that while the apparently older 
marbles and quartzites show few intruded igneous masses, the more 
crystalline phases of the Wissahickon show them in abundance. This 
is contrary to what might be expected bnt is, of course, a possible 
circumstance. The second difficulty arises from the occurrence of highly 
crystalline garnet-mica-schists and gneisses and less crystalline chlorite 
and sericite schists. The line of separation between these two phases 
may be drawn but the gradual chapge from one phase to the other is 
more indicative of a gradation than of a fault such as would be required 
if these rocks are older than the Baltimore gneiss; and the frequently 
crenulated line of the contact, as found by Keith in Howard and Carroll 
counties, also points to the adopted relationship. 

The more crystalline garnet-mica gneisses and schists of the Wissa¬ 
hickon lie east of the broad phyllite, or less crystalline phase, which 
extends southwestward from the Susquehanna Elver to southeastern Car- 
roll County. The formation in this part of its development broadens 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE VIII 




Fig. 2.—Contorted Schist above Bald Friar, Cecil County. 

VIEWS SHOWING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 











240 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

from a narrow band at the Susquehanna Eiver by increased folding 
about the anticlines of Baltimore gneiss and synclines of Cockeysville 
marble into a belt 10 to 15 miles broad as it crosses the Northern Central 
Eailroad. From this point it narrows somewhat to the southwestward, 
and the area is occupied in large part by the large mass of granite pass¬ 
ing from Sykesville southAvestward to Washington and extending thence 
many miles southward into Virginia. 

North of the phyllite occurs a corresponding mass of the more crystal¬ 
line Wissahickon schist. When, however, this is compared with the 
rocks of the southern limb of the synclinorium, it is found that these 
rocks average slightly less crystalline and less metamorphosed than the 
corresponding rocks on the south. There is also a corresponding lack 
of deep-seated igneous rocks. That they represent the same horizon 
seems to be Avell established by the areal distribution of the various 
masses, although it has been found impossible to carry the mapping of 
individual beds more than a fcAV miles along the strike, and hence it has 
seemed inadvisable to attempt detailed representation on the maps. The 
Wissahickon schists on the west side of the syncline of phyllites passes 
southAvesterly across the State, narrowing considerably in the southern 
portion of Carroll County and widening somewhat in passing south¬ 
ward to the Potomac Eiver. 

The areal distribution of the Wissahickon suggests an increased crys¬ 
tallinity eastward and decreasing crystallinity AvestAvard. To the east¬ 
ward are the deeper igneous rocks in large masses, on the Avest smaller 
areas of surface volcanics. It remains to be seen Avhether the occurrence 
of the more crystalline phases Avith deep-seated igneous rocks is the 
cause of the increased crystallinity or not. 

The band of phyllite, sericitic, and chloritic schists forming a synclinal 
trough extending from the Susquehanna soutliAvard, enters the State 
from York County, Pennsylvania, continues as a belt, varying from 5 
miles in breadth at the Susquehanna to about a mile at Whitehall, on 
the Northern Central Eailroad, Avhence it gradually Avidens southAvard 
to an average breadth of 3 miles in the southern part of Carroll County. 
The areal distribution indicates a synclinal trough of considerable extent 


Makyland at the LonsiAYA Purchase Exposition 


241 


and well-defined character, ivliich is warped at its center, and plunging 
northeastward and sontliwestward and reaching its maximum depth in 
the vicinity of Delta, Pennsylvania, where the Cardiff quartzite-conglom¬ 
erate and Peachbottom slates are found folded within it. The southern 
termination of this phyllite belt has not been mapped in detail and the 
limits given on the geological map are provisional. 

The rocks constituting the phyllite portion of the Wissahickon forma¬ 
tion are essentially sericitic, chloritic, and occasionally talcose schists, 
which clearly show their sedimentary origin, and have been less meta¬ 
morphosed than the Wissahickon schists already described. Two views 
are held regarding their relations to the contiguous formation. They 
may be regarded as an infolded considerably younger series, as held by 
the late Professor Williams, or they may represent a less metamorphosed 
upper portion of the Wissahickon formation. It seems probable that 
there is truth in both views, and during recent years the impression has 
developed that in Maryland they represent the upper portion of the Wis¬ 
sahickon formation, which has been less metamorphosed, but that they 
are not separated by any great interval from the more crystalline Wissa¬ 
hickon schists which border them on either side, and from which they 
cannot be separated by any sharp line. 

When crossing the boundary between the two formations one may 
recognize within comparatively short distances that a l)oundary has been 
passed, but up to the present no sharp contacts between the two por¬ 
tions of the Wissahickon formation have been found.^ 

The Cardiff Quartzite.— The Cardiff quartzite and quartzose con¬ 
glomerate occur as a small and rather insignificant formation in the 
northeastern part of Harford C!ount}u They form a narrow band appar¬ 
ently resting on the phyllite and underlying the Peachliottom slate, 

^ The interpretation of the phyllites here discussed does not necessarily or 
even probably apply to the more extensively developed phyllites of the western 
district, though some of the latter may be equivalent to the phyllites of the 
eastern district. Nor does it apply in more than a general way to the corre¬ 
sponding Hudson schists of Pennsylvania which are found as a continuation 
of this belt on the south side of the Chester Valley in Lancaster and Chester 
counties where the more schistose and less crystalline rocks are found imme¬ 
diately above the limestone. 


242 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


wrapping around the latter and extending beyond its southwestern limits 
to the valley of Broad Creek. It is this formation which yields numer¬ 
ous boulders along the base of Slate Bidge. It is seldom well exposed 
and is of limited extent. 

This fonnation may be rejn’esented in Pocky Eidge at the Pocks of 
Deer Creek, but it has not been possible to establish this point and many 
facts militate against the probability of such a correlation. 

The Peachbottoai Slate. —The Peachbottom slates extend as a 
narrow strip within the limits of the Cardiff quartzite and pass beyond 
it across the Susquehanna Piver into Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 
This formation is composed entirely of characteristic bine-black slates, 
similar to the material put on the market, and the homogeneity of the 
formation is now so complete that it is impossible to perceive within it 
any succession of sedimentary beds. It is usually considered, however, 
that the central portion of the ridge differs somewhat from the sides, and 
that this portion represents the uppermost member in a tightly pinched 
syncline. 

The Peachbottom slates have been somewhat questionably assigned 
on doubtful fossil evidence to the Hudson Piver horizon of the Ordo¬ 
vician. It may even be that these slates and the Cardiff quartzite be¬ 
neath are only local variations in the great mass of phyllites or micaceous 
and chloritic schists of contiguous areas. 

Igneous Rod's. 

The metamorphosed sedimentary rocks already described constitute 
only part of the area of the eastern district of the Maryland Piedmont. 
Into them have been intruded vast masses of molten material which have 
consolidated for the most part into two main types, gabbro and granite, 
with smaller masses of peridotite, pyroxenite, and their alteration pro¬ 
duct serpentine, allied to the gabbros, and other smaller masses of peg¬ 
matite and meta-rhyolite allied to the granite. 

The geological period in which these masses were intruded is still 
somewhat uncertain, depending upon the final determination of the age 
of the Wissahickon formation, but the manner in which they were 
formed is rather satisfactorily established to be as follows: 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


243 


A large reservoir of molten material, slightly more silicions than the 
gabbro, existed beneath the Piedmont region from ISTew Jersey southward 
at a great depth below the ancient surface of the earth and much below 
our present surface. During geologic time this material was gradually 
separated into masses poorer and richer in silica than the average. The 
former gradually cooled into what is now gabbro, the latter into our 
present granite. The process of separation into parts continued pro¬ 
ducing ultimately the extremely basic peridotites and allied rocks, and 
the correspondingly highly silicions pegmatites and meta-rhyolites. The 
gabbroic material was intruded in the then existing rocks in huge 
masses, one of them extending over much of the territory from Trenton. 
New Jersey, to Laurel, Maryland. The granitic material consolidating 
slightly later formed the extensive areas of granite, and still later, toward 
the end of this igneous activity, the more basic peridotites and pyroxe- 
nites were produced, and lastly the highly silicions residue formed pegma¬ 
tite dikes which are widely scattered over the area in small masses. 
These rocks consolidated many thousand feet beneath the existing sur¬ 
face, only the meta-rhyolite consolidating near what was then the surface 
of the country. 

Subsequent to the formation of all these rocks the overlying material 
was removed by the degrading action of the streams, bringing the 
deeply-buried masses to the surface as they now appear. 

The Gabbro, Nobite, aNd Meta-gabbro.— The oldest, as well as 
the most extensive, of these igneous rocks which intruded the Baltimore 
gneiss and other existing rocks is the gabbro. There are three main 
areas of these rocks within the limits of the State—the Stony Forest area 
of Harford and Cecil counties; the great belt or sheet which extends from 
the north of Conowingo, on the Susquehanna Eiver, in a south-southwest 
direction to Baltimore City; and the irregular intrusive area which is 
mainly developed to the west of Baltimore and extends thence as far 
south as Laurel. 

The gabbro and norite are rather fine-grained aggregates of hyper- 
sthene, diallage, plagioclase (bytownite), and magnetite, with varying 


244 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

amounts of apatite and brown hornblende. The unaltered gabbros are 
usually massive, heavy, and dark colored. With the alteration, the color 
changes through a pale buff to the characteristic deep, reddish brown. 
By an increase in magnesia the gabbros pass by transition towards the 
peridotites and pyroxenites; or in alumina, to liighly feldspathic rocks; 
or in silica, to others which have free silica forming blue grains. 

The action of pressure which has caused the recrystallization of the 
gneiss and marble is also well marked in the gabbros. It has caused 
the iron constituent, pyroxene, to change to another green mineral horn¬ 
blende; and has in some cases left the rock as massive as at first, or 
in other cases rendered it schistose. The resulting rock is called meta- 
gabhro or gabbro-diorite. The change has always been most complete 
where the mass of gabbro is small, as in the narrow beds which connect 
the larger areas. This change is Avell shown along the Belair road near 
Baltimore and in the Mt. Hope cut of the Western Maryland Railroad. 

The gabbro offers great resistance to the ordinary processes of decom¬ 
position, and hence its boulders are strewn abundantly all over the area, 
which it occupies. It is at the same time so hard, so heav}^ and so jointed 
that it could not be quarried to any advantage as a building stone. The 
loose blocks are much used for constructing stone walls or foundations, 
and occasionally whole buildings are erected of them. This rock when 
crushed furnishes one of the best road-metals found in the State. 

The Granites. —The second in extent and the first in commercial im¬ 
portance among the igneous rocks of the eastern Maryland Piedmont are 
the granites. They are found in richest development about Port Deposit 
and Frenchtown on the Susquehanna River; at Woodstock and Ellicott 
City on the Patapsco River; at Guilford on one of the branches of the 
Patuxent River; near Washington on the Potomac; and in the great 
lenticular area extending northward from the latter point to Sykesville 
on the main line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In these areas 
are active quarries furnishing high-class building stone. Besides these 
major masses are smaller ones, as at Cockeysville and Pranklinville, 
which have not been developed commercially. 

The term granite is here used in its broader and more familiar sense 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 345 


for the large and common group of granular rocks which are usually of 
a somewhat mottled light gray or pink color and almost always carry 
two minerals, (piartz, and feldspar, as essential constituents. Besides 
these whicli constitute the mass of the rock, there are dark colored iron¬ 
bearing minerals, such as black mica, or biotite, hornblende, and occa¬ 
sionally pyroxene. Each of these may be distiiiiguished by the eye un¬ 
aided by the lens, and besides there are many others only recognizable 
with the aid of the microscope. The term includes rocks technically 
known as granite, granitite, monzonite, diorite, et cetera. 

The areal distribution and economic characteristics of the granites 
are more fully treated under the discussion of the building stones among 
the Mineral Eesources of the State. 

The Peridotite, Pyroxenite, and Serpentine.— The third type of 
eruptive rocks Avhich penetrated the gneiss complex is younger than the 
preceding, but genetically allied to the gabbro. These two types are 
connected by many intermediate varieties; and these more basic rocks, 
which break through the gabbros as well as through the gneiss, may be 
regarded as having resulted from the gabbro magma which had become 
relatively poor in alumina, or in alumina and silica. The absence of 
alumina would prevent the formation of feldspar, and hence in the 
first case crystallization produced an aggregate of pyroxene (bronzite 
and diallage) called pyroxenite (websterite) ; ivhile in the second case 
an aggregate of olivene and pyroxene ivith more or less magnetite was 
the result. This ti'pe is called peridotite (Iherzolite). 

The tAvo non-feldspathic types of eruptive rocks, pyroxenite and peri¬ 
dotite, are peculiarly subject to alteration. The pyroxene, when it occurs 
alone, tends to pass into secondary hornblende, and this in turn gives 
rise to talc. This is the origin of some of the extensive beds of steatite 
in eastern Maryland and Virginia. The talc is always mixed with more 
or less pale fibrous hornblende (tremolite) and chlorite. When, as in 
the peridotite, olivene accompanies the pyroxene, especially if it is 
bronzite, the rock tends to form serpentine instead of talc. The serpen¬ 
tine also contains secondary hornblende formed from the diallage. 

Both types of non-feldspathic eruptives are very intimately associated. 


246 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


They usually do not cover large areas, but occur in small lenticular 
patches. Varieties intermediate between the two extremes are common, so 
that the two alteration products, steatite and serpentine, are even more 
intimately mingled than the rocks themselves. These ultra-basic rocks are 
most abundantly developed in the serpentine area of Harford County 
which extends southwesterly across a corner of Cecil County from the 
“ State line ’’ serpentine area of Lancaster County to the vicinity of 
Jarrettsville. Other areas of considerable extent occur northwest of 
Baltimore, as at Bare Hills and Soldiers Delight, and in Montgomery 
County in the vicinity of Gaithersburg. 

The Pegmatite.— The pegmatites, which are coarse-grained aggre¬ 
gates of quartz, feldspar, and occasional accessory rarer minerals, prob¬ 
ably represent the last products of the consolidation of the magmatic 
reservoir from which all the igneous rocks of this region were originally 
derived. They are the richest in silica, alumina, and the alkalies, poorest 
in iron and magnesium, and coarsest in grain. These features suggest 
that they were formed when the residual magma, still highly heated, was 
scarcely more than an aqueous solution of the constituents which these 
rocks contain. They fill the cracks due to the contraction of the cooling 
rocks or orogenic movements, and are found most abundantly along the 
borders of the other igneous masses. This is especially true for the 
edges of the serpentine and gabbro masses and on the borders of the 
granitic areas. They occur irregularly through the rocks and their 
presence is usually indicated by an abundance of boulders or white chalk¬ 
like streaks in the roadside cuttings. They are abundantly developed in 
the valley of the Patapsco in Baltimore, Howard, and Carroll counties 
and along the Susquehanna in the vicinity of Castleton and Conowingo; 
where they are of sufficient size and purity to become of some com¬ 
mercial importance as the source of feldspar and “ flint used in pottery 
works. 

The Acid Volcanics (Meta-rhyolite).— Along the lower Susque¬ 
hanna gorge in the vicinity of Prenchtown and Havre de Grace are a 
few dark colored rocks of greenish hue due to their contained epidote. 
These “ greenstones ” occur in small dikes cutting the adjoining rocks 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


247 


and may be traced away from the river on either side but especially to 
the eastward in Cecil County where they are more abundantly developed 
in the Principio Valley and at “ Gilpin Eocks ” near Bay View. At first 
sighC they appear rich in iron-bearing minerals and not unlike the 
gabbro, but chemical and microscopical analyses show that they are in 
reality old lavas of the composition of granite, i. e., rhyolites, which have 
been changed by the vicissitudes to which they were subjected during the 
long history of earth changes which this region has undergone. They 
are of little areal importance but are of considerable interest since they 
represent almost the only evidence of former volcanic activity in the 
eastern district of klaryland. 

The Mesozoic Diabase intrudes all of the older crystalline rocks in 
a series of dikes that may be traced with occasional interruptions across 
the entire eastern district of the Piedmont. The first of these series 
enters Cecil County from Pennsylvania and extends into Harford County. 
A second series enters the State near the Harford-Baltimore County line 
and may be traced across the latter county into and across Howard 
County. The rock is a typical Mesozoic diabase presenting no unusual 
features. It is seldom well-exposed, the courses of the dikes being 
marked by deep red soil and dark red or broivn rounded boulders of 
trap.” Occasionally these are sufficiently abundant to warrant their 
consideration as a source of road metal. 

WESTERN DISTRICT. 

The rocks of the western district, while much less thoroughly known 
than are those of the eastern district, show among themselves a sequence 
which is strikingly in harmony with that discovered in the eastern 
district. Although the separation into two districts may be either tem¬ 
porary or permanent according to the results of later work, it seems 
advisable at the present time to retain them and the line is drawn 
arbitrarily along a geological line traced by Mr. Keith in his work in 
Montgomery and Frederick counties. On the eastern side of the v^estern 
district the rocks are scarcely distinguishable from those of the eastern 
district, but in tlie western part of the district the rocks are much less 


248 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


metamorphosed. There the limestones of the Frederick Valley and the 
underlying quartzite of the mountains are indistinguishable from the 
corresponding rocks on the western side of the Blue Eidge. Moreover, 
the limestones are fossiliferous and show clearly that their a,ge is Cainbro- 
Ordovician—the same as that of the limestones of the Shenandoah Valley. 
The rocks of the eastern side of the district are progressively more 
metamorphosed eastward and are practically devoid of fossils, although a 
few doubtful forms were found near Frederick Junction years ago. The 
natnral interpretation is that these rocks are younger than the lime¬ 
stones of the Frederick Valley since the latter are dipping to the east¬ 
ward beneath the mass of micaceous argyllites and sandstones. The 
frequent appearance of limestone valleys indicates that the structure is 
not simple and the finding of volcanic rocks similar to those of the Blue 
Eidge requires that judgment regarding the actual age of these eastern 
rocks be held in abeyance until the area has been mapped in detail. 

At the present time it is possible to recognize the following types of 
rocks: 

FORMATIONS OP THE WESTERN PIEDMONT PLATEAU. 

Sedimentary Rocks. 

WESTERN SIDE. EASTERN SIDE. 

Mesozoic. 

Triassic .Newark Formation. 

Paleozoic. 

Cambro-Ordovician . .. Shenandoah 

Limestone .Schists and 

Argyllites 
Marbles and 
Limestones. 

Cambrian.Weverton Quartzites and 

Sandstone. Schists. 


Igneous Rocks. 

Mesozoic. 

Triassic .Diabase. Diabase. 

Archean .Basic volcanics.'l Basic and 

Acid volcanics. J Acid volcanics. 


The succeeding discussion for completeness includes a few statements 
regarding the rocks of the Blue Eidge, the eastern base of which is gen- 







Maryland at the Louisiana PurchxVSe Exposition 249 


erally considered the western limit of the Piedmont Plateau. A com¬ 
plete discussion of this region has already been given by Mr. Keith 
and a summary statement may be found in the succeeding pages. 

Sedimentary Rod’s. 

The Quartzites and Schists. — Areas of quartzite, chiefly in ridges 
more or less timbered, have been occasionally found in the prelimi¬ 
nary study of the western district of the Piedmont. They appear to be 
similar lithologically to the Weverton sandstones of the mountains on 
the west. The stratigraphic position of these silicious rocks witli rela¬ 
tion to the marbles and limestones has not been established. At times 
they appear to be above the latter and at other times below them. The 
more detailed work of the future will probably show their true positions 
and it is quite possible that there are several quartzose layers situated at 
different horizons. 

The schists of the region include many of the more metamorphosed 
areas of what were formerly called phyllite, and future work will doubt¬ 
less show considerable diversit}^ of character in the rocks which are here 
united as a single unit. It is known that among them are both acid 
and basic volcanics, some of which have been distinguished upon the map. 
The main mass is composed of highly argillaceous micaceous rocks which, 
on disintegration and decomposition, form the “ isinglass ” soil of the 
region. 

The Marbles. —The highly calcareous rocks here referred to embrace 
those lying east of the Prederick Valley. They are more crystalline than 
are those of the latter locality and are, so far as is known, devoid of 
fossils. Whether or not they are local areas of more highly metamor¬ 
phosed limestones of Shenandoah age has not been definitely settled, but 
this conclusion appears to be the one naturally suggested by the areal 
distribution of the marble exposures. 

These marbles, which are frequently beautifully colored, occur in long 
narrow valleys, especially in the region of the Western Maryland Eail- 
road. Exposures are few, owing to their relative weakness, and most 
of the areas underlain by these rocks are excellent farming lands. In 


350 


Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


the marbles, especially when they are associated with volcanic rocks, are 
small deposits of lead and copper, but no one of these appears to be 
profitable under present market conditions. 

The Schists and Argyllites. —Clearly overlying the marbles and 
separated from them by unconformities are certain schists and argyllites, 
part of the mass formerly called ph5dlites. The areal distribution of 
these overlying argillaceous rocks has not been determined and even the 
lithologic criteria for separating them from the older schists lying nn- 
conformably under the marbles have not been recognized. The work of 
discriminating these two lithologically similar formations and the deter¬ 
mination of their areal distribution cannot be accomplished until topo¬ 
graphic maps have been made for Carroll, Frederick, and Montgomery 
counties. Until that is done it is necessary to regard them as members 
of a complex whose relationships are yet to be deciphered. 

Weverton Sandstone.— Isolated areas of cjuartzitic sandstone similar 
to the sandstone of the mountains are developed along the eastern side 
of the Monocacy Valley in Frederick County. The most extensive de¬ 
posit of this formation occurs in Sugar Loaf Mountain, near the boun¬ 
dary of Montgomery County. Here the sandstone is very homogeneous, 
fine grained, and compact, and very light in color. This formation con¬ 
tinues towards the north in a few insignificant patches, and similar 
quartzites of undetermined correlation occur at several points in the 
western Piedmont. 

The Shenandoah Limestone.— Along the extreme western border of 
the plateau country in the Frederick Valley is an extensive development 
of Shenandoah limestone similar to the more extensive development of 
this formation in the Hagerstown Valley. This limestone has been 
largely worked for agricultural and structural lime and by its disinte¬ 
gration high-class farming lands have been produced. 

The Newark Formation. —The rocks of Triassic age are mainly 
confined to the western margin of the Piedmont Plateau and are repre¬ 
sented by both sedimentary and eruptive materials. The deposits of the 
Newark formation unconformably overlie the limestone and phyllite 
which have been above described and cover a considerable area. Be- 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 251 


ginning as a belt some ten miles in width in northern Carroll and 
Frederick counties, the formation gradually narrows toward the south, 
until in the region of Frederick its full width does not exceed one mile, 
w'hile at one point directly to the west of Frederick the continuity of the 
beds is completely broken. Farther southward in western Montgomery 
County the belt of Xewark deposits again broadens to a width of several 
miles. 

The rocks of this formation consist largely of red and gray sandstones 
and conglomerates of both silicious and calcareous varieties. The finer 
grained and deeper colored deposits generally have their individual ele¬ 
ments united by a ferruginous cement, while the calcareous conglomerate, 
which is largely made up of rounded limestone pebbles, is generally im¬ 
bedded in a reddish matrix. All of the deposits present structures which 
indicate that they were formed in shallow water, the coarse conglom¬ 
erates, the ripple-marked surfaces, and the tracks of animals all pointing 
indisputably to this conclusion. 

Igneous Bods. 

The Basic Yolcanics in the Piedmont and in the mountains seem 
to be remarkably alike. They are essentially bluish-green with white 
masses of epidote and quartz which on exposure become dull gray or 
yellow. The honeycombed or amygdaloidal character of many of the 
masses increases the individuality of these rocks which usually form 
rough surfaced ledges or areas thickly strewn with characteristic bould¬ 
ers. The original character of these basic volcanics was that of a diabase 
or andesite, but the subsequent metamorphism which they have suffered 
has often rendered them schistose and obscured their original appear¬ 
ance. Several more or less parallel and extended areas of these epidotic 
rocks will doubtless be found in the ivestern district of the Piedmont, 
where they are usually noticeable as low ridges or rocky outcrops. 

The x4cid Yolcanics. —When only slightly metamorphosed, as in 
certain localities in the Blue Eidge, the acid volcanics are close-grained, 
dark bluish-gray or purplish rocks, frequently speckled with small feld¬ 
spar phenocrysts. In the Piedmont occurrences, however, these highly 


252 Makylaxd at the Louisiana Pdeohase Exposition 

silicious volcanics have usually been modified by iiressure until, in ex¬ 
treme instances, they are fissile slates. In the quarry, they may appear 
solid and massive and flecked with feldspars, but even here the schistosity 
is generally evident. The more metamorphosed phases of these acid 
volcanics—meta-rhyolites—have often been overlooked among the phyl- 
lites, and subsequent detailed mapping in Frederick and Carroll counties 
will doubtless show them more al)undant than has hitherto been thought. 
They usually carry more or less potash, which fact, with their easy disin¬ 
tegration, explains the excellence of the soils which they produce. 

These same rocks occupy considerable areas in the mountains but here 
their higher altitude and inaccessibilitj^ render them less important. 
The unconformity between these phyllitic meta-rhyolites and the over- 
lying rocks is seen by the frequent absence of one or more of the younger 
formations. 

The Diabase.— The sandstones and shales of the ISTewark formation, 
as well as the rocks of earlier age, are found penetrated by dikes of the 
igneous rock diabase. These dikes extend across the area, for the most 
part, in a north-south direction, and throughout central Frederick and 
Carroll counties, where the covering of sandstones and shales has been 
removed, are found penetrating the limestones and phyllites. It seems 
probable that the dikes, referred to as occurring in the eastern division 
of the Piedmont Plateau, are of contemporaneous origin. The diabase 
is holocrystalline and is composed chiefiy of plagioclase and pyrozene 
with olivene and magnetite. The rocks penetrated have been at times 
considerably metamorphosed by the molten rock, which was forced into 
their fissures, generally with a hardening of the beds by partial solidifi¬ 
cation and re-crystallization. The diabase decomposes vdth considerable 
rapidity, although the surface is generally covered with large boulders 
of undeca3^ed material which show characteristic weathering. 

The Appalachian Eegion. 

The geology of the Appalachian Kegion, as in the case of the Piedmont 
Plateau, cannot be fully comprehended without taking into considera¬ 
tion the great belt of which it forms a part. The beds of sediments which 


Maetland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


253 


form the limestones, sandstones, and shales of the Appalachian moun¬ 
tains were deposited in a wide, long trough, which once extended from 
north to south throughout the region now occupied by the mountains. 
This trough was undergoing gradual depression through most of Paleo¬ 
zoic time, until many thousands of feet of conformable beds had accu¬ 
mulated in it, mainly as the debris of a continental mass lying to the east. 

This vast accumulation, at the close of Paleozoic time, was so com¬ 
pressed as to be forced up into a series of great folds. The present 
Appalachians are merely the remains of these ancient folds worn down 
by natural processes through many successive periods. It is by no means 
certain that the mountain crests ever stood higher than at present, for 
from the moment the land rose above the sea the forces of denudation 
became active, and with varying intensity have continued to the present 
day. The great folds have been from time to time planed down, to be 
again sculptured as the result of elevatory movements. The compressive 
force which raised these mountains probably acted from the east toward 
the west, since the most intense disturbance is always observable in the 
eastern portion of the range and dies away gradually into the central 
plains. A secondary result attributed to this action from the east, is 
that all the folds are tipped toward the Avest and all the great faults 
show a thrust in the same direction. In consecpience of this the older 
sediments are toward the east and the younger toward the west, although 
the more or less abrupt folds into Avhich they were thrmvn, when raised 
into a mountain chain, have since been cut off by erosion in such a 
manner as to show a repeated succession of strata and at the same time 
to present in portions of the eastern border area rocks of still earlier age. 

The section made by ]\Iaryland across the Appalachian system bePveen 
the Frederick Valley and the western line of Garrett County presents 
an almost complete series of these various formations. As has been 
already pointed out, the mountain system of IMaryland is divisible into 
three distinct physiographic and geologic districts, but as the features 
of each division appear to some extent repeated in that which is adja¬ 
cent to it, it seems more desirable to treat the geology of the Appalachian 
Eegion as a unit, and describe under each formation its distribution, 


254 Maeyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 


character, and structure. Eeference to the map will show the relations 
which these formations bear to the several geographic divisions. 

The following divisions are recognized in the rocks of the Appalachian 
Eegion: 


FORMATIONS OP THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 


Sedimentary Rocks. 


Paleozoic. 

Permian (?) ... 

Carboniferous. 
Pennsylvanian 


Mississippian 


Dunkard . 

Monongahela . 
Conemaugh .. 
Allegheny . .. 
Pottsville .... 
Mauch Chunk. 
Greenbrier. 
Pocono. 


= Coal Measures. 


Devonian. 

Upper Devonian 


Hampshire. 

Jennings. 

Chemung. 

Portage. 

Genesee. 


Middle Devonian ... Romney. 


Hamilton. 

Marcellus. 

Lower Devonian ... Oriskany. 

Helderberg. 

Becraft. 

New Scotland. 
Coeymans. 

Silurian .Cayuga. 

Manlius. 

Salina. 

Niagara. 

Clinton. 

Tuscarora. 

Juniata. 


Ordovician .Martinsburg. 

Shenandoah (upper part) 

Cambrian .Shenandoah (lower part) 

Antietam. 

Harpers. 

Weverton. 

Loudon. 


('Chambersburg. 
I Stones River. 
Knox. 

Elbrook. 

Waynesboro. 

Johnstown. 















Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


255 


Igneous Rocks. 

Paleozoic Archean.Granites. 

Basic volcanics. 

Acid volcanics. 

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. 

The Cambrian Period. 

The rocks of the Cambrian are confined to the eastern division of the 
Appalachian Kegion, previously described as comprising the Blue Eidge 
and Great A^alley, and cover considerable areas in Frederick and Wash¬ 
ington counties. They consist of sedimentary materials that have been 
much-metamoqihos.ed since, they were deposited, and also subjected to 
marked structural disturbances, rendering their relations at times diffi¬ 
cult of interpretation. Five divisions have been recognized in the 
sequence of Cambrian deposits, known respective^ as the Loudon, Wever- 
ton. Harpers, Antietam, and Shenandoah formations, the latter, however, 
being also in part of Ordovician age. 

The Loudon Formation. —The Loudon formation, so called from 
its tjqoical development in Loudon County, Virginia, is represented in 
]\rar 3 dand in long narrow belts of rock accompanying the mountain 
ridges, and is found in the Catoctin Mountain, the Blue Eidge, and the 
Elk Eidge. The deposits consist largely of a fine dark slate with lime¬ 
stones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates. The coarser and thicker 
deposits are found in narrow synclines upon the surface of the pre- 
Cambrian rocks; the thinner and finer beds are in the synclines, which 
are overlain by the Weverton sandstone. The limestones occur in the 
form of lenses in the slate and are best developed along the eastern side of 
the district just to the west of the Catoctin Mountain, where they are gen¬ 
erally hjghly metamorphosed. Beds of sandstone occur in the Loudon 
formation, although more prominently developed to the south of the 
Potomac Eiver. The thickness of the formation is very variable, ranging 
from a few to over 500 feet. 

The formation as a whole has been much metamorphosed, alteration 
being most apparent in the argillaceous beds, which have been changed 



256 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Pdechase ExpositioJ'i 


into slates and schists, all traces of the original bedding being frequently 
lost. The slate readily decomposes, forming low ground, but the more 
silicious rocks commonly occur as small hills or ridges. 

The Weveeton Foematiox.— The Weverton formation, so called from 
its occurrence near Weverton, at the point where the Blue Kidge reaches 
the Potomac Kiver, consists of massive beds of fine, pure sandstone, 
quartzite, and conglomerate. They are usually white, the coarser beds 
somewhat gray. In the Blue Bidge the sandstones are streaked with 
black and bluish bands. The deposits are mainly composed of quartz 
grains, which are well worn and are washed quite clean of fine argillaceous 
materials. They at times show cross-bedding, wdiich indicates that the 
formation was largely laid down in shallow water. The thickness of the 
formation is quite variable, bePveen 200 and 300 feet. 

The Weverton sandstone has been subjected to but little metamorph¬ 
ism, as the quartz particles which comprise the deposits do not afford 
materials which admit of much alteration. Slight sehistosity is evident 
in the southern part of the Catoctin Mountain. The sandstone decays 
slowly and generally forms projecting ledges on the surface of the 
country. 

The Haepees Foematiox.- —The Harpers formation, so called from 
its typical occurrence at Harper’s Ferry, is composed largely of sandy 
shales with a few sandstone layers imbedded in its upper portion. The 
shales are of a dull bluish-gray color when fresh, and weather to a light 
greenish-gray. Argillaceous materials predominate, with frequent small 
grains of quartz and feldspar, while other materials derived from the 
pre-Cambrian volcanics appear sparingly. The thickness of the Harpers 
formation is difficult do determine, owing to the absence of any complete 
section of it. Its outcrops are everywhere included between faults which 
have cut off intermediate thicknesses. It has been estimated, as the 
result of a number of measurements, to have a probable thiclmess of 1200 
feet. 

The shales have been subjected everywhere to considerable alteration, 
the feldspathic materials being partially re-ciqMallized into quartz and 
mica, with the development of sehistosity. The metamorphism is much 


]\Iaryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


257 


more pronounced along the eastern border, in the Catoctin area, where 
the change has proceeded so far as to produce a mica-schist in wliieh 
small quartz lenses are developed between the layers. Decomposition 
has affected the shale to considerable depths, the argillaceous materials 
furnishing a sufficient amount of clay to produce a soil of some value, 
but on steep slopes it is easily washed. 

The Antietam Formation. —The x4ntietani formation receives its 
name from Antietam Creek, along the tributaries of which the deposits 
of this formation are most typically developed. The rock is a sandstone 
which grades below by gradual transitions into the Harpers shale. The 
sandstone is composed of small grains of white quartzite well worn and 
sorted, and it contains a small percentage of carbonate of line. Its color 
is almost invariably of a dull brown. It is more fossiliferous than the 
other Cambrian formations, remains of trilobites being not uncommon. 
The formation has a thickness of about 500 feet. 

The Antietam sandstone shows little alteration in its typical area, 
but east of Catoctin Mountain there are some very silicious schists that 
may possibly represent it. The more calcareous varieties weather read¬ 
ily, but numerous blocks of the sandstone generally strew the surface. 

The Shenandoah Formation (lower part).—The Shenandoah for¬ 
mation, so called from the fact that it forms the floor of the Shenandoah 
Valley, a part of the Great Valley above described, is composed of a 
series of blue and gray limestones and dolomites in which are locally 
slates and sandy shales imbedded. In certain places in eastern Wash¬ 
ington County beds of pure fine-grained white marble are also found. 
The thickness of the entire Shenandoah formation is estimated to reach 
approximately 5000 feet. The upper part of this formation is of Ordo¬ 
vician age as shown by numerous fossils, while the lower part is to be 
referred to Cambrian time. The recent work of G. W. Stose of the H. S. 
Geological Survey in the near-by regions of Pennsylvania has shown the 
possibility of dividing the Shenandoah formation into independent strati¬ 
graphic units so that the term Shenandoah formation will probably in 
time be retained only as a group name. The following divisions have 
been referred to Cambrian time. 


258 Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Tomstown Limestone. —Drab to white magnesian limestone. Thick¬ 
ness with preceding division 1500 feet. 

Waynesboro Shale and Sandstone. —Purple to gray shale and flaggy 
sandstones. Lower Cambrian fossils at the top. 

ElbrooJc Limestone. —Massive bluish gray magnesian limestone with 
some red and green shale and chert beds. 2000 feet thick. 

Knox Limestone (lower part).—Drab magnesian and silicious 
limestones with limestone conglomerate at the base. Upper Cambrian 
fossils below. Entire division 1000 feet thick. 

The limestone deposits have been but little altered, but the shaley 
beds have been generally more metamorphosed with the production of 
mica, which causes a more or less clearly defined schistosity. The decay 
of the limestone through solution has left an insoluble residuum of red 
clay, through which protrude at times beds of harder materials. The 
more rapid solution of the Shenandoah limestone than the rocks of the 
other formations has produced the broad fertile HagerstoAvn Valley. 
Similar deposits also underlie much of the Frederick Valley as well. 

The Ordovician Period. 

The rocks of the Ordovician period occur in both the Frederick Val¬ 
ley and the Great Valley in association -with the Shenandoah formation 
(lower part) just described. They consist of sedimentar}' materials that 
have been on the whole less metamorphosed than the Cambrian rocks. 
They have been much folded and at places are faulted. This period 
comprises two divisions known respectively as the Shenandoah (upper 
part) and Martinsburg formations. 

The Shenandoah Formation (upper part).—The Shenandoah for¬ 
mation, which has already been described in the previous pages as in 
part of Ordovician age, contains an abundant fauna of fossil brachio- 
pods, gastropods, corals, and crinoids in its upper beds. The line of 
separation between the Cambrian and Ordovician portions of this forma¬ 
tion cannot always be definitely determined. 

The upper part of the Shenandoah limestone of Ordovician age has 
been divided as follows by Mr. Stose: 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 259 


Knox Limestone (upper part).—Drab magnesian and silicions lime¬ 
stones containing Beekmantown fossils. Entire division 1000 feet thick. 

Stones River Limestone. —Homogeneous, dove-colored, pure lime¬ 
stone, somewhat fossiliferous, 900 feet thick. 

Chamhersburg Limestone. —Crystalline fossiliferous limestone of 
Black Eiver age 200 feet thick. 

The Martinsburg Formation (Utica-Hudson Eiver), so called from 
its typical development in the vicinity of Martinsburg, West Virginia, oc¬ 
curs in several areas along the western border of the Hagerstown Valley 
and in the rqgion immediately adjacent to it upon the west. This for¬ 
mation consists of sandstone and of black and gray calcareous and argil¬ 
laceous shales which are fine grained and show but slight variations 
within the limits of the State of Maryland. The shales bear from five 
to twenty per cent of carbonate of lime. The deposits were formed in 
shallow seas which abounded in graptolites, corals, brachiopods, and 
trilobites which have left abundant fossil remains. The fauna comprises 
that of the Utica and Hudson Eiver shales of New York. The thickness 
of the formation varies from 700 to 1000 feet. 

There has been but slight alteration in the shale, which is usually not 
sufficient to obscure the bedding which, however, was never sharply 
marked. The rocks of this formation have suffered considerable decay 
as the result of the solution of the carbonate of lime contained in them. 

The Silurian Period. 

The rocks of the Silurian period occur to the west of the deposits of 
Ordovician age just described, entering into the formation of the Appa¬ 
lachian Mountains in association with strata of Devonian age. They 
have been less metamorphosed and less faulted than the strata of the 
older formations. Five divisions have been recognized in the sequence 
of Silurian deposits, known respectively as the Juniata, Tuscarora, Clin¬ 
ton, Niagara, and Cayuga formations. 

The Juniata Formation (red Medina), so called from its typical 
occurrence upon the Juniata Eiver in Pennsylvania, is limited to the 
western portion of the central division of the Appalachian Eegion, in 


260 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


western Allegany County. It is best developed in “The Narrows’^ of 
Wills Mountain, to the northwest of Cumberland. The formation con¬ 
sists of alternating shales and sandstones of a deep red color. No fossils 
have been observed in it in Maryland. The formation has a thickness 
in Wills Mountain, of at least 550 feet. 

The Tuscarora Formation (white Medina), so called from its typi¬ 
cal development in Tuscarora Mountain in Pennsylvania, is found at 
widely separated points in the Appalachian district. L^pon the east it 
enters into the formation of North Mountain, the most eastern ridge of 
the central Appalachians, and upon the west forms Wills Mountain just 
to the west of Cumberland, and also occurs at several points in the inter¬ 
vening country. The rock is chiefly sandstone, which is hard and mass¬ 
ive, generally white or gray in color, and consists for the most part of 
coarse quartz grains. Few fossils have been found in the Tuscarora 
formation, but it is the undoubted equivalent of the white Medina sand¬ 
stone of the north. The thickness of the formation is 287 feet on Wills 
Mountain. The deposits of the Tuscarora formation have been sub¬ 
jected to little alteration and the hard sandstone stands out as ridges 
upon the surface. 

The Clinton Formation (Eockwood) is named from its typical ex¬ 
posure at Clinton, New York. It is confined to the central Appalachian 
Eegion, occurring in three, narrow, isolated belts west of Hancock, 
Washington County, and in three A^-shaped areas in Allegany County 
about tlie Wills Mountain, Evitts Mountain, and Tussey’s Mountain 
anticlines. It is composed of shales of a grayish-olive to reddish color 
interbedded with thin sandstones, which give place to tbin-bedded lime¬ 
stones near the top of the formation. Two beds of iron ore (hematite) 
of a deep red color are contained in it, one 6 inches to 30 feet thick 
occurring near its base, and another about 1 foot thick near its summit. 
The latter usually overlies a heavy quartzitic sandstone. The original 
character of these two bands of iron ore was probably that of a highly 
ferruginous fossiliferous limestone from which the calcium carbonate 
has been removed by solution. The shale between the iron-ore beds 
usually suffers much erosion, producing characteristic valleys. Fossils 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


261 


are numerous in the iron ores and occur very abundantly in the upper 
shales and limestones. The thickness of the formation varies from 500 
to GOO feet. 

The Niagara Formation (Lewistown, lower part), is named from 
its typical exposure at Niagara Falls, New York. It overlies the Clin¬ 
ton formation, surrounding the outcrops of the latter at the localities 
cited above. Its lower part consists of thin-bedded, blue limestones witli 
partings of greenish-gray to black shale. The shales become thicker and 
preponderate over the limestones in the upper part of the formation, its 
summit being formed by a heavy bed of sandstone which is often very 
ferruginous and which weathers into characteristic ridges. This forma¬ 
tion contains numerous fossils, which occur chiefly in the calcareous 
shales and limestones, being especially abundant in the latter. The 
Niagara formation has a thickness of about 250 feet. 

The Cayuga Formation (Lewistown, middle part), is named from its 
typical exposure at Cayuga Lake, New York. It is confined to the 
central Appalachian Pegion, occurring in Washington County both east 
and west of Hancock, and in Allqgany County upon the Wills Mountain, 
Fvitts Mountain, and Tussey’s Mountain anticlines. It consists of im¬ 
pure limestones and shales. Two divisions are recognized in it, termed 
respectively the Salina and Manlius members of the Cayuga formation. 

The Salina member, so named from its typical exposure at Salina, 
New York, is the lower division of the Cayuga formation. It consists 
of impure limestone and shales, the latter having a prevailing greenish 
tone. It contains four cement beds, some of which have been exten¬ 
sively worked for the manufacture of cement, rendering the Salina for¬ 
mation of much commercial importance. In the region about Hancock 
the lower strata of this member have a deep red color, a feature not 
observed further west. Minute Crustacea, termed Ostracods, abound in 
certain strata, other fossils being rare. An excellent exposure is to be 
seen at Pinto, Allegany County, where the Salina has a thickness of 
1125 feet. 

The j\lanlius member is named from its typical exposure at Manlius, 
New York. It overlies the Salina member with winch it is associated 


262 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

at the localities named above. It consists of thin-bedded, impure lime¬ 
stones, which become shaly in their lower third. It passes into the 
Salina beneath and into the Helderberg formation above, without 
marked change, being separated from them by differences in its fossils. 
The latter are numerous, including many new and interesting species of 
Cystids. Excellent exposures occur at the Devil’s Backbone in Allegany 
County and in the quarries at Keys’er, West Virginia. This member 
has a thickness of about 110 feet. 


The Devonian Period. 

The deposits of Devonian age enter, together with the Silurian rocks, 
into the formation of the central division of the Appalachian Eegion, 
and together with the Carboniferous deposits, into the formation of the 
Alleghany Plateau. They consist of sedimentary materials that have 
been but little altered since they were deposited, although in places 
subjected to considerable structural disturbances. Three divisions are 
recognized in the strata of Devonian age known respectively as the 
Lower Devonian, Middle Devonian, and Upper Devonian. 

Lower Devonian. 

The deposits of Lower Devonian age comprise two divisions known 
respectively as the Helderberg formation and the Oriskany formation. 

The Helderberg Formation (Lewistown, upper part), is named 
from its typical exposure in the Helderberg Mountains, Albany County, 
Hew York. It occurs in the central Appalachian Eegion, being exposed 
west of Horth Mountain and west of Hancock in Washington County, 
and upon the Wills Mountain, Evitts Mountain, and Tussey’s Mountain 
anticlines in Allegany County, in association with the formation last 
described. It consists of limestones usually purer and more massive 
than those of the Cayuga formation, together with some shales. Humor¬ 
ous fossils occur in it, many of which are characteristic of the Helder¬ 
berg formation of Hew York. It comprises three divisions in Maryland, 
known respectively as the Coeymans, Hew Scotland, and Becraft mem- 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 263 


bers of the Helderberg formation. Of these members, the last is re¬ 
stricted to the region about Cherr}^ Run, West Virginia. This forma¬ 
tion is frequently referred to the Silurian period. Its thickness is about 
260 feet. 

The Coeymans member, so called from its typical exposure at Coey- 
mans, New York, consists of heavy-bedded limestone bearing, at some 
localities, chert near its base. Among its fossils are very large Stroma- 
topora, which weather into curly, nodular masses. Its thickness is about 
110 feet. 

The Neiv Scotland member, so called from its typical exposure at New 
Scotland, New York, consists of massive gray limestones with bands of 
chert. In some localities the limestone passes above into a shale. The 
thickness of this member is about 65 feet. 

The Becraft member, so called from its typical exposure at Becraft 
Mountain, New York, consists of dark-blue, arenaceous limestone con¬ 
taining lumps of black chert. Its thickness is about 85 feet. 

The Oriskant Formation (Monterey) is named from its typical 
exposure at Oriskany Palls, New York. It is confined, like the Silurian 
formations, to the central division of the Appalachian Region in western 
Washington and Allegany counties. The deposits of the Oriskany for¬ 
mation are typically rather coarse-grained, somewhat friable sandstones, 
white or yellow in color. At times the materials become verj^ coarse¬ 
grained, resulting in a clearly defined conglomerate, while at other 
times, especially in the western portion of the area, the materials are fine¬ 
grained, with here and there interstratified layers of coarser materials. 
These deposits afford excellent glass sand. The sandstone is very fossil- 
iferous and carries the typical Oriskany fauna of the north. The for¬ 
mation has a thickness of about 350 feet. 

Middle Devonian. 

One division is recognized in the Middle Devonian deposits, known 
as the Romney formation. 

The Romney Formation, so called from its typical exposure at Rom¬ 
ney, West Virginia, is confined to the central division of the Appalachian 


264 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Region, and occupies very much the same areas as those given above for 
the Oriskany sandstone. It comprises two divisions known respectively 
as the Marcellns and Hamilton members of the Romney formation. 
Its thickness is about 1600 feet in its central area, diminishing to 500 to 
600 feet west of Wills Mountain. 

The Mareellus member, so called from its typical exposure at Mar- 
cellus, New York, consists of thin, fissile, black shales, which weather 
into thin, flat, black plates. Several thin bands of limestone frequently 
occur some distance above its base. It contains numerous fossils charac¬ 
teristic of the Mareellus formation of New York. Its thickness is about 
one-third that of the entire Romney formation. 

The Hamilton member, so called from its typical exposure at Hamil¬ 
ton, New York, consists of black shales containing, usually, two heavy 
beds of sandstone, one of which is near the middle and the other near the 
top of this division. The upper part of the shales weather into yellow to 
brown, hackly fragments which are highly characteristic of the Hamilton. 
The lower part weathers into thin dark plates often closely resembling 
those of the Mareellus shales. Eastward near Elbow Ridge, a conglom¬ 
erate developes in this member, wliile west of Wills Mountain the entire 
Romney formation thins, the sandstones becoming greatly reduced in 
volume. Fossils abound in this division, especially in its upper half, 
including many species characteristic of the Hamilton of New York. Its 
thickness is about two-thirds that of the entire Romney formation. 

Upper Devonian. 

The strata of Upper Devonian age contain two divisions termed re¬ 
spectively, the Jennings and the Hampshire formations. 

The Jennings Formation, so called from its typical development at 
Jennings Gap, Virginia, is found both throughout the central and west¬ 
ern divisions of the Appalachian Region. Within the Appalachian 
jMountains proper it is frequently repeated throughout western Washing¬ 
ton and Allegany counties and occurs as the oldest formation represented 
in the Alleghany Plateau of Garrett County. It underlies the well- 
known “ glades.” It comprises three divisions known respectively as 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE IX. 



Fig. 1.—View of Folded Silurian Rocks near Hancock, Washington Co. 



Fig. 2.—View of Horizontal Carboniferous Sandstone, Swallow Falls, 

Garrett County. 


VIEWS SHOWING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION. 





266 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

the Genesee, Portage, and Chemung members of the Jennings formation. 
Its thickness is about 3800 to 4000 feet. 

The Genesee member, so named from its typical exposure on the Gene¬ 
see Eiver in New York, occurs at the base of the Jennings formation 
throughout its extent in Allegany County, but is lacking in Washington 
County. It consists of a deep-black, fissile shale weathering into flat, 
black plates, and often exhibits the pronounced jointing so characteristic 
of the Genesee of New York. It abounds in the small fossils of the 
Naples fauna of New York. Its thickness is about 90 feet. 

The Portage member, so named from its typical exposure at Portage, 
New York, consists of olive-green to gray shales, alternating with thin, 
fine-grained micaceous sandstones, the latter occasionally becoming 2 feet 
thick. The shales weather into thin, flat plates which contrast with the 
hackly fragments of the Eomney shales below, while it is also more resist¬ 
ant to weathering than the Eomney shales. It contains few fossils at 
most localities. The forms found are closely related to those of the 
Naples and Ithaca faunas of the Portage of New York. Its thickness 
is about 2000 feet. 

The Chemung member, so named from its typical exposure at the Che¬ 
mung Narrows in New York, consists of olive-green to brownish-red 
shales and sandstones. A conglomerate occurs near its base in Wash¬ 
ington County, while a second conglomerate is found 500 to 600 feet 
below its summit in numerous localities, forming well-marked ridges in 
many instances. Certain strata abound in fossils which are closely re¬ 
lated to those of the Chemung formation of New York. Its thickness 
is about 1700 to 1800 feet. 

The Hampshire Formation (Catskill in part).—The Hampshire 
formation, so called from Hampshire County, West Virginia, occurs, like 
the Jennings formation, both in the central and in the western portion 
of the Appalachian Eegion. It is best developed in the western por¬ 
tion of Allegany and Garrett counties, where excellent sections occur along 
the Alleghany Front, and may also be seen to good advantage in Jenning’s 
and Braddoclr’s runs west of Cumberland. From these latter points the 
strata dip beneath the Carboniferous rocks of Georges Creek Valley, 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 267 


occurring again in a broad Y-shaped belt which extends northeast to 
southwest across Garrett County. The deposits of the Hampshire for¬ 
mation consist principally of thin-bedded sandstones, separated by fine¬ 
grained shales, although at times the sandstones become thick-bedded, 
and may merge gradually into the shales. Shales predominate in the 
upper portion of the Hampshire. The formation is for the most part of 
a reddish color although at times the strata may be brown or gray. It 
yields a characteristic red soil. No fossils have as yet been obtained 
from the Hampshire formation in Maryland, but it is undoubtedly the 
equivalent of the Catskill of the North. Its thickness is about 2000 feet. 

The Carboniferous Period. 

The rocks of the Carboniferous period are confined to the western divi¬ 
sion of the Appalachian Region, where they largely constitute the Alle¬ 
ghany Plateau, and are found in western Allegany and Garrett counties. 
Two divisions are recognized in it, known respectively as the Mississip- 
pian and the Pennsylvanian. 


Mississippian. 

Three divisions are represented in the deposits of Mississippian age 
known as the Pocono, Greenbrier, and Mauch Chunk formations. 

The Pocono Formation. —The Pocono formation, so called from 
Pocono, Pennsylvania, is the basal member of the Carboniferous and 
directly overlies the Hampshire formation above described. It occurs in 
a series of narrow belts which extend from northeast to southwest through 
western Allegany and Garrett counties. The Pocono formation consists 
mainly of hard, thin-bedded, fiaggy sandstone which is seldom coarse¬ 
grained, although in a few instances slightly conglomeritic. Thin layers 
of black shale and coaly streaks, in which plant remains are sometimes 
preserved, occur in some localities, although not a conspicuous feature of 
the formation. The sandstones have afforded good fiagging materials. 
The thickness of the formation varies from 258 to 300 feet, but the de¬ 
posits are seldom well exposed. The sandstone is, however, a factor in 
the topography, and usually forms a line of foothills along the flanks of 
the mountains. 


268 


Maryland at the Louisiana. Purchase Exposition 


The Greenbrier Formation.— The Greenbrier formation, so called 
from Greenbrier County, West Virginia, occurs in very much the same 
areas in western Allegany and Garrett counties as above described for 
the Pocono sandstone, and outcrops above the line of foothills just de¬ 
scribed. The deposits consist mainly of limestone strata in which are 
interbedded shales and some sandstones. The limestones are more sandy 
toward the base. The limestones near the upper portion of the formation 
are of compact structure and gray in color. They are also at times 
marly in their upper layers and these marly strata are frequently fossili- 
ferous. The limestone is burned locally for building and agricultural 
purposes. The formation has a thickness of about 225 feet. 

The Maucii Chunk Formation (Canaan). The Mauch Chunk for¬ 
mation, so called from Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, flanks tlie ridges of 
western Allegany and Garrett counties and grades gradually downward 
into the Greenbrier deposits. The strata consist chiefly of red shales, 
interstratifled with flaggy, red-hrown, fine-grained' sandstones. The 
sandstone is at times micaceous. Thin beds of dark carbonaceous .shales 
occur at times near the top of the formation. The deposits have a thick¬ 
ness of about 800 feet. 


Pennsylvanian. 

Four divisions are recognized in the strata of Pennsylvanian age known 
as the Pottsville, Allegheny, Conemaugh, and Monongahela formations. 

The Pottsville Formation (Blackwater), so called from Pottsville, 
Pennsylvania, is the lowest division of the Coal Measures and forms the 
mountain ridges which border the coal basins. The Pottsville formation 
consists of beds of sandstone and conglomerate interstratifled with sandy 
shales in which thin beds of coal are locally developed. The sandstones 
and conglomerates are inainpr comjjosed of fine quartz grains and pebbles 
which are commonly cemented by means of silicious materials. These 
coarse deposits are also frequently cross-bedded and are very irregular 
both in their extent and sequence. The more prominent subdivisions 
recognized in Maryland occur from top to bottom as follows: 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


2(jl) 


Homewood sandstone. 

Mount Savage or upper Mercer coal. 

j\lount Savage fire-clay. 

Lower Mercer coal. 

Upper Connoquenessing sandstone. 

Qnakertown coal. 

Lower Connoc]uenessing sandstone. 

Sharon coal. 

Sharon sandstone. 

ddie Pottsville formation has a thickness of 330 to 380 feet. 

The Allegheny Formation (Savage and Bayard, lower part), is 
approximately the same as the division formerly termed the Lower Pro¬ 
ductive Coal Measures. It is named from its typical exposure upon 
the Allegheny Eiver, Pennsylvania. It is the lowest of the coal-bearing 
formations in western Allegany and Garrett counties and occupies the 
basal portion of the basins within the synclines which are outlined by the 
Pottsville conglomerate. It consists of a series of sandstones, shales, 
limestones, and coal seams, of which the more prominent from above 
downward are as follows: 

Upper Freeport coal. 

Upper Freeport limestone and Bolivar fire-clay. 

Upper Freeport sandstone. 

Lower Freeport coal. 

Lower Freeport limestone. 

Lower Freeport sandstone. 

Upper Kittanning coal. 

Middle Kittanning coal. I ‘‘ Davis’’ or “ Six-foot” coal. 

Lower Kittanning coal. 

‘^Split-six” coal. 

Kittanning sandstone. 

Ferruginous limestone. 


Clarion sandstone. 
Clarion coal. 
Brookville coal. 



870 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Of these coal seams, the Middle and Lower Kittanning (“ Davis or 
“ Six-foot coal) are next in importance to the Big Vein ’’ of the 
Monongahela formation. The Allegheny formation has a thickness of 
860 to 350 feet. 

The Conemaugh Formation (Bayard, upper part and Fairfax), is 
approximately the same as the division formerly known as the Lower 
Barren Coal Measures. It receives its name from its typical exposure 
along the Conemaugh Eiver in western Pennsylvania. It overlies the 
Allegheny formation, with which it is associated at the localities cited 
in the discussion of that formation. It consists of a series of sandstones, 
shales, conglomerates, limestones, and coal seams, the more prominent of 
which from above downward are as follows: 

Little Pittsburg coal. 

Lower Pittsburg limestone. 

Connellsville sandstone, 

Franklin or Little Clarksburg coal. 

Clarksburg limestone. 

Morgantown sandstone, 

Elklick coal. 

Ames or Crinoidal limestone. 

Crinoidal coal. 

Saltsburg sandstone. 

Bakers town coal. 

Lower red shales. 

Upper Cambridge limestone. 

Buffalo sandstone. 

Lower Cambridge limestone. 

Masontown coal. 

Upper Mahoning sandstone. 

Mahoning coal. 

Mahoning limestone. 

Lower Mahoning sandstone. 

The Conemaugh formation has a thickness of 600 to 700 feet. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 271 


The Monongahela Formation (Elkgarden) is approximately the 
same as the division formerly called the Upper Productive Coal Measures. 
It is named from its typical exposure along the Monongahela Eiver in 
Pennsylvania. In Maryland this formation is restricted to the Georges 
Creek-Potomac basin. It consists of a series of shales, sandstones, lime¬ 
stones, and coal seams, of which following subdivisions arranged from 
top to bottom are the more prominent: 

Waynesburg coal. 

Waynesburg limestone. 

Uniontown sandstone. 

Uniontown coal. 

Sewickley sandstone. . 

Upper Sewickley or Tyson coal. 

Lower Sewickley coal. 

Sewickley limestone. 

Kedstone coal. 

Redstone limestone. 

Pittsburg coal, Big Vein,” “ Fourteen foot Vein.” 

The Pittsburg coal, known in Pennsylvania as the “ Pittsburg Vein,” 
is the most important coal-bearing seam in Maryland, affording coal of 
high quality and great purity, that has been a source of great wealth 
to the State. The Monongahela formation has a thickness of 240 to 260 
feet. 


The Permian Period. 

The rocks which are here questionably referred to the Permian are con¬ 
fined to the central portion of the Georges Creek Valley in western 
Allegany County, where they rest with apparent conformity upon the 
Carboniferous deposits below. The single formation recognized in these 
rocks is denominated the Dunkard formation. 

The Dunkard Formation (Frostburg) is approximately the same as 
the division formerly known as the Upper Barren Coal Measures. It is 
named from its typical exposure on Dunkard Creek, Pennsylvania. Its 
strata apparently conformably overlie the Monongahela formation of 


272 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Carboniferous age. It occurs in patches along the center of the Georges 
Creek Valley where erosion has loft fragments capping the top of the 
higher lands. It consists of limestones^ sandstones, shales, and coal 
seams, the more prominent of which arranged from above downwards 
are as follows in Maryland: 

Jollytown limestone. 

Jollytown coal. 

Upper M^ashington limestone. 

IVashington coal. 

Waynesbnrg A ” coal. 

Waynesbnrg sandstone. 

The formation was referred to the Permian period by Fontaine and 
I. C. White who recognized among its fossil plants, species of Permian 
age. The thickness of the Dnnkard formation is about 390 feet. 

IGNEOUS ROCKS. 

The igneous rocks of the Appalachian district are limited to the eastern 
division of the Blue Eiclge and Catoctin mountains. No rocks of igneous 
origin have been found in the part of Maryland lying west of the Hagers¬ 
town Valley. The igneous rocks of the Blue Eidge-Catoctin area are 
similar to those already described and may be classified under the head= 
of Acid volcanics, Basic volcanics, and Granites. 

The Acid Volcanics. 

The acid volcanics of the Appalachian district of Maryland occupy an 
irregular area north and northeast of Myersville near the head of the 
Middletown Valley between the Blue Eidge and Catoctin mountains. 
They form the higher slopes of the headwaters of Catoctin Creek and 
extend well up to the state line. They are closely related to similai 
masses in Pennsylvania and Aurginia and are represented in several 
smaller outlying masses, some of which have already been described. The 
rocks are closed-grained, usually completely crystalline mixtures of quartz 
and feldspar which often show characteristic flow, spherulitic and even 


MaEYLAND at the liOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION 373 


lithophysal textures. They were evidently formed by the eruption of a 
silicious magma to or near the surface under conditions similar to those 
shown by the more recent volcanic rocks of the far west. During the 
long periods of time since their eruption they have been much changed 
in character. The original glass has been changed to a mosaic of quartz 
and feldspar by slow crystallization thereby changing the luster of the 
rocks from vitreous to stony. Their color, when fresh, is dark-blue or 
gray or occasionally red and when long exposed to the weather light gray 
or pinkish white. The rocks included here have been called porphyry,” 
quartz-porphyry, quartzite, aporhyolite, metarhyolite, etc., and have occa¬ 
sioned much discussion as to their origin and probable content of copper 
because of their similarity to the copper-hearing rocks of Lake Superior. 


The Basic Volcanics. 

The basic volcanics of the Maryland Appalachian district are more 
wide-spread than the acid volcanics, occupying between two and three 
times as much surface as the latter. Like them they are also represented 
in masses of similar rock to the north and south of Maryland, and in 
detached bodies to the east of Catoctin Mountain, as already described. 
They were formed by intrusions of basic material both before and after 
the formation of the acid volcanics. The products of these intrusions, 
which were originally quite similar, have been changed by the varying 
conditions to which they have been subjected since they were first formed. 
The present rocks have been classed by Keith, who has studied them most 
carefully, as Andesite ” and “ Catoctin schists.” The andesite is found 
in adjacent areas in Virginia but has not been recognized in Maryland 
where the sole representative of the basic volcanics is the Catoctin schist. 
This schist forms practically all of the region between the eastern flanks 
of the Blue Kidge and the western flanks of Catoctin Mountain, except 
the central area occupied by acid volcanics and the southwestern part 
of the Middletown Valley along the Potomac where the volcanic rocks 
seem almost crowded out by the numerous intrusions of granite. The 


274 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Catoctin schist in fresh exposures is light bluish-green in color and its 
presence is usually indicated by a surface strewn either with gray or yel¬ 
low slabs of the weathered schists or by blocks of quartz and epidote. 
Keith has shown that the original rock was a diabase which has now lost 
most of its characteristic features through the metamorphism which has 
developed the marked schistosity. The volcanic character of the original 
rock is occasionally attested by the presence of amygdaloidal varieties 
which resulted from cooling near the surface. 

The Granites. 

Intimately intermingled with and cutting the acid and basic volcanics 
already described are intricately anastamosing bodies of granite which 
occur in long narrow belts varying in breadth from a yard to six miles, 
with an average width of perhaps 100 yards. By far the greatest devel¬ 
opment is in the valley lands north of the Potomac Eiver in the Middle- 
town Valley. The granites vary somewhat in the coarseness of their 
grain and show marked evidences of metamorphic modification, the rocks 
sometimes resembling silicious schists. They carry only a moderate 
amount of mica and are frequently garnet, or epidote-bearing, the gamet- 
beaririig variety being well exposed along the Potomac Eiver between 
Weverton and Harpers Ferry. 

The Coastal Plain. 

The area of low land which borders the Piedmont Plateau on the east 
and passes with constantly decreasing elevation seaward has already been 
described under the name of the Coastal Plain. It is part of that great 
belt of low country which extends from Kew Jersey to the Gulf and is 
made up of geological formations of younger date than those which 
have been hitherto described. These later formations stand in marked 
contrast to the strata in other portions of the State in that they have been 
but slightly changed since they were deposited. Laid down one above 
another upon the eastern flank of the Piedmont Plateau when the sea 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


375 


occupied the present area of the Coastal Plain, these later sediments form 
a series of thin sheets which are inclined slightly to the seaward so that 
successively later formations are encountered in passing from the inland 
border of the region toward the coast. Oscillation of the sea floor with 
considerable variation both in the angle and direction of the tilting, went 
on, however, during the period of Coastal Plain deposition. As a re¬ 
sult the stratigraphic relations of these formations, which have generally 
been held to be of the simplest character, possess in reality much com¬ 
plexity along their western margins, and it is not uncommon to find that 
intermediate members of the series are lacking, as the result of trans¬ 
gression, so that the discrimination of the different horizons, in the 
absence of fossils, often requires the most careful investigation. 

The Coastal Plain sediments, deposited after a long break in time be¬ 
tween the red sandstones and shales (ISTewark formation) of Triassic 
age (hitherto described as overlying the crystalline rocks of the western 
division of the Piedmont Plateau) and the lowermost of the series now 
to be considered, complete the sequence of geological formations found 
represented in Maryland. From the time deposition opened in the coas¬ 
tal region during late Jurassic or early Cretaceous time to the present 
nearly constant sedimentation has apparently been going on, although 
frequent unconformity appears along the landward margins of the dif¬ 
ferent formations. 

The formations of the Coastal Plain consist of the following: 


FORMATIONS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN. 


Cenozoic. 

Quaternary. 

Recent. 

Pleistocene 


Tertiary. 
Pliocene . 
Miocene . 


Eocene 


Sedimentary Rocks. 


Talbot .... 
Wicomico . 
Sunderland 


|>= Columbia Group. 


Lafayette. 
St. Mary’s 
Choptank 
Calvert .. 
Nanjemoy 
Aquia ... 


= Chesapeake Group. 


= Pamunkey Group. 















276 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


Mesozoic. 

Cretaceous. 

Upper Cretaceous 


Lower Cretaceous 

Jurassic (?) 

Upper Jurassic (?) 


. Rancocas. 
Monmouth. 
Matawan. 
Magothy. 

. Raritan . .. 
Patapsco .. 

.Arundel .. 
Patuxent . 


Potomac Group. 


SEDIMENTAEY EOCKS. 

The Jurassic {? ) Period. 

The formations which are here doubtfnlly referred to the Jurassic 
period find their chief development in Maryland and Virginia where they 
directly overlie the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau. 

The Upper Jurassic (?). 

The deposits must unquestionably be referred to the Upper Jurassic if 
they ultimately prove to antedate the Cretaceous. The reference of the 
beds to this horizon is based on the Dinosaurian remains which do not in 
the present state of our knowledge afford final proof as to age, although 
some vertebrate paleontologists, among them one of our leading authori¬ 
ties, are quite certain that they should be regarded as earlier than the 
Cretaceous. The plant remains likewise are not distinctive enough to 
make it possible to say whether the beds are certainly late Jurassic or 
early Cretaceous. Until these questions are finally settled, hovmver, the 
deposits will be tentatively placed in the Upper Jurassic. 

The Potomac Group (Lower Division). 

The formations here described include the lower part of what was long 
known as the Potomac formation, so called from the Potomac Eiver, in 
the drainage basm of which the deposits of this age are well shown, 
but which is now recognized as representing several quite distinct strati¬ 
graphic units. These lower formations have only been found in the 
middle Atlantic coastal area while the upper formations extend both 







Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


277 


to the northward and southward and in the highest members reach across 
New Jersey in the one direction and into the South Atlantic and Gulf 
states in the other. The Potomac was deposited largely under estuarine 
conditions, although marine forms begin to appear before the close of 
the period in New Jersey, indicating the temporary breaking of the 
seaward barrier. 

The Potomac group is divided into the Patuxent and Arundel forma¬ 
tions of possible Upper Jurassic age and the Patapsco and Earitan for¬ 
mations of Lower Cretaceous age. 

The Patuxent Formation. —The Patuxent formation, so called from 
its typical development in the upper valleys of the Little and Big Patux¬ 
ent rivers, is the basal formation of the Coastal Plain series, and is found 
lying directly upon the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau. It 
appears near the landward margin of the Coastal Plain and has been 
traced as a narrow and broken belt from Cecil County across Harford, 
Baltimore, Anne Arundel, and Prince George’s counties to the border of 
the District of Columbia. 

The deposits consist mainly of sand, sometimes quite pure and gritty, 
but generally containing a considerable amount of kaolinized feldspar, 
producing a clearly defined arkose. Clay lumps are at times scattered in 
considerable numbers through the arenaceous beds. Frequently the 
sands pass over gradually into sandy clays, and these in turn into argilla¬ 
ceous materials, which are commonly of light color, but often become 
highly colored and are locally not unlike the variegated clays of the 
Patapsco formation. The more arenaceous deposits are cross-bedded, and 
the whole formation gives evidence of shallow-water origin. The dip of 
the beds is about 40 feet in the mile to the southeast. The Patuxent 
formation is estimated to attain a thickness of about 350 feet, but it 
may be considerably thicker at some points. • 

The fossils which are poorly represented as compared with those of 
the overlying formations, consist chiefly of plants, including ferns, 
cycads, and conifers. The numerous silicified trunks of cycacls which have 
been found scattered over the formations of the Potomac group in 
Maryland were probably originally preserved in the Patuxent sands. 


278 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


In Virginia in strata along the James Kiver which Lester F. Ward 
correlates with the Patuxent formation of Maryland there occur a few 
primitive types of dicotyledonous leaves. The fauna is limited to a single 
Unio and the remains of a fish. 

The Arundel Formation. —The Arundel formation, so called from 
Anne Arundel County, where the strata are well developed, consists of a 
series of large and small lenses of iron ore-bearing clays which occupy 
ancient depressions in the surface of the Patuxent formation and are 
unconformable to that formation. These lenses have been traced all the 
way from Cecil County to the border of the District of Columbia. The 
clays are highly carbonaceous, lignitized trunks of trees being often en¬ 
countered in an upright position with their larger roots still intact. 
Scattered through the tough dark clays are vast quantities of nodules of 
iron carbonate, at times reaching many tons in weight, and known to 
the miners under the name of white ore.” In the upper portion of the 
formation the carbonate ores have changed to hydrous oxides of iron, 
which the miners recognize under the name of “ brown ore.” The largest 
lenses have been found to reach a thickness of nearly 125 feet. 

The fossils thus far found consist of Dinosaurian remains, which 
some regard as indisputable proof of the Upper Jurassic age of the 
deposits, although others have questioned this reference. Among the 
plant fossils which are much more abundant than in the underlying Pa¬ 
tuxent formation, a considerable number of dicotyledonous leaves have 
been found, associated with an assemblage of ferns, cycads, and conifers, 
the latter groups showing mixed affinities with basal Cretaceous (wealden) 
or Jurassic floras of other areas. Both the physical and paleontological 
characteristics of the deposits point to swamp conditions as affording the 
only satisfactory explanation of the origin of this formation. This could 
have been brought about by landward tilting of the continent accompanied 
by a clogging of the drainage lines. 

The Cretaceous Period. 

The formations referred to the Cretaceous comprise representatives of 
both the Lower and Upper Cretaceous, a clearly marked unconformity 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


279 


occurring both at the base of the series as well as between the two groups 
of formations. The Cretaceous is better developed in the district embrac¬ 
ing Maryland and New Jersey than in any other portions of the Atlantic 
border area. 


The Lower Cretaceous. 

The Lower Cretaceous formations overlie the Upper Jurassic deposits 
unconformably and in portions of the area transgress them on to the 
crystalline rocks below. They contain highly characteristic floras with 
clearly marked Neocomian features. They constitute the upper part 
of the Potomac group. 

The Potomac Group {Upper Division). 

The leading features of the Potomac group have been already described 
in the paragraphs devoted to the Lower Division. 

The Patapsco Formation. —The Patapsco formation, so called from 
its typical occurrence in the valley of the Patapsco Eiver, forms the 
lowest division of the Cretaceous deposits here described. It extends 
entirely across the State from the Delaware border to the Potomac River, 
and throughout this distance is one of the most important members of 
the Cretaceous series. 

The deposits of this division consist chiefly of highly colored and 
variegated clays which grade over into lighter colored sandy clays, while 
sandy bands of coarser materials are at times interstratified. The sands 
frequently contain much decomposed feldspar and rounded lumps of clay 
also occur. The sands are often cross-bedded, and all the deposits give 
evidence of shallow'-water origin. The formation is estimated to reach 
a thickness of 200 feet. The deposits rest unconformably upon the 
Arundel below and dip from 35 to 40 feet in the mile to the southeast. 

The fossils obtained from this formation consist entirely of plant 
impressions and a few indeterminate molluscan shells. The flora is 
very rich both in species and individuals and contains a considerable rep¬ 
resentation of dicotyledonous types. The general assemblage is distinctly 
Lower Cretaceous. 


280 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


The Earitan Formation.— The Earitan formation, so called from 
its typical development in the valley of the Earitan Eiver in New Jersey, 
extends across that state into Maryland. It is found in Cecil and Kent 
counties and extends thence southwestward along the eastern border of 
Harford and Baltimore counties into Anne Arundel County, where it 
broadens out and occupies a large extent of country along the Severn 
Eiver. Beyond the Patuxent Valley the area of outcrop narrows, as the 
result of the transgression of the overlying Tipper Cretaceous strata. 

The deposits of the Earitan formation consist chiefly of thick-bedded 
pud light colored sands, which at times become gravels. Frequently m 
the lower portion of the formation the sands grade over into the clays, 
which are generally light in color and highly silicious, although they are 
sometimes deeply colored. The thickness of the Earitan formation 
reaches about 400 feet. The deposits overlie unconformably the Patapsco 
sediments below and dip about 35 feet in the mile to the southeast. 

The fossils are quite distinct from those which are found in the 
Patapsco formation and abound much more largely in the remains of 
dicotyledonous types of vegetable life. Most of the species are identical 
with those found in the Amboy clays of New Jersey which form the 
northern extension of the formation as developed in Maryland. 

The Upper Cretaceous. 

The formations referred to the Upper Cretaceous overlie the Lower 
Cretaceous deposits unconformably. The lowest formation is of estua¬ 
rine origin in Maryland while the highest formations are distinctly 
marine. They apparently represent the Cenomanian and Senonian with 
possibly the lower portions of the Danian of Europe. 

The Magothy Formation. —The Magothy formation, so called from 
the Magothy Eiver in Anne Arundel County, overlies the deposits of the 
Potomac group unconformably. It extends as a narrow belt from New 
Jersey southward along the eastern margin of the earlier formations. 
To the northward near the Earitan Bay in New Jersey it contains marine 
fossils but farther southward the fossils where present are confined to 
plant remains, the deposits having apparently been laid down in estuarine 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


281 


waters. The formation is evidently transitional between the Potomac 
group below and the distinctly marine deposits which characterize the 
Upper Cretaceous. The Magothy formation crosses Cecil and Kent 
counties on the Eastern Shore and Anne Arundel and Prince George’s 
counties on the Western Shore. 

The materials consist of sands and clays which change rapidly both 
horizontally and vertically. The sands are commonly of light color, al¬ 
though lenses with bands of darker sands occur. The clays often appear 
finely laminated with sand layers between and are occasionally nearly 
black in color due to the presence of vegetable matter. The thickness 
of the Magothy formation in Maryland is very variable, ranging from 
90 feet down to 20 feet or less. Its average thickness is probably about 
50 feet. The formation has a dip of 30 to 35 feet in the mile to the 
southeast. The fossil leaves of the Magothy formation represent a later 
flora than that of the Karitan, and apparently one of Cenomanian age. 

The Matawan Formation.— The Matawan formation receives its 
name from Matawan Creek, Kew Jersey, in the vicinity of which it is 
extensively developed. It lies along the eastern margin of the Magothy 
formation upon which it rests unconformably. The Matawan forma¬ 
tion is the most widely extended of the Upper Cretaceous deposits and 
reaches from the shores of the Earitan Bay across Kew Jersey, Delaware, 
and Maryland to the Potomac Eiver. Within the limits of Maryland it 
forms a narrow belt which crosses southern Cecil and northern Kent coun¬ 
ties and then re-appears upon the Western Shore in Charles and eastern 
Anne Arundel counties and thence continues southwestward with con¬ 
stantly narrowing confines across Prince George’s County until it is 
represented only by a bed of a few feet in thickness on the bank of the 
Potomac Eiver. It does not outcrop so far as known in A^irginia, the 
Eocene deposits having completely overlapped the marine Cretaceous 
beds. 

The deposits of the Alatawan formation consist mainly of dark colored 
micaceous sandy clays which at times are somewhat more sandy in the 
upper portions and more argillaceous in the lower portions, although in 
general the formation is very homogeneous throughout, from Kent County 




282 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


southward. The formation has an average thickness of about 50 feet 
on the Eastern Shore but gradually thins southward until it is not over 
10 feet in thickness in southern Prince George’s County. The deposits 
have a dip of from 20 to 30 feet in the mile to the southeast. The fossils 
of the Matawan are highly characteristic of its Upper Cretaceous age. 
Numerous marine mollusca;, among them several characteristic species 
of ammonites, are found among its fauna. The formation does not show 
the division into members which are recognized in the New Jersey re¬ 
gion to the northward where four well-marked beds appear that can be 
traced across that State to the Earitan Bay. 

The Monmouth Formation.— The Monmouth formation, so called 
from its typical development in Monmouth County, New Jersey, overlies 
the Matawan formation conformably and extends from New Jersey south¬ 
ward across Delaware into Maryland, but is very much less extensively 
developed in the State of Maryland than to the northward, although some 
of its chief characteristics still prevail. The Monmouth formation lies 
to the east of the Matawan deposits already described and forms a nar¬ 
row belt crossing Cecil, Kent, Anne Arundel, and portions of Prince 
George’s counties but gradually disappears before the valley of the 
Potomac is reached as a result of the trangression of the Eocene deposits. 

The divisions of the IMonmouth formation, so typically developed in 
central and northern New Jersey, are lacking in Maryland, although 
the beds are rather more glauconitic in the upper portions than in the 
lower. The deposits as a whole are deficient in glauconite as compared 
with those of the New Jersey region, the materials appearing as reddish 
and pinkish sands with glauconitic beds locally developed. The deposits 
have a thickness of somewhat less than 100 feet upon the Eastern Shore 
which gradually diminishes until the formation finally thins out 
altogether in Prince George’s County. The beds dip at an angle of from 
20 to 30 feet in the mile to the southeast. The fossils of the Monmouth 
formation show some marked differences from those of the Matawan 
formation, particularly in the advent of Belemnitella. The fauna on the 
whole is much more closely associated with the Matawan than with 
the overlying Rancocas. Like the Matawan the deposits belong to the 
Upper Cretaceous and are to be correlated with the Senonian of Europe. 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Pdeciiase Exposition 


283 


The Eancocas Formation.— The Eancocas formation, so called from 
its typical occurrence in the valley of Eancocas Creek in southern Kew 
Jersey where it conformably overlies the Monmouth formation, is well 
developed throughout that state and in Delaware, but due to the trans¬ 
gression of the basal Eocene deposits is wholly lacking so far as known, 
on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. A few localities in eastern Anne 
Arundel County in the valley of the Severn Eiver contain fossils charac¬ 
teristic of this formation farther north and may represent small remnants 
of the Eancocas in that area, although it is possible that the materials 
may have been reworked and may now constitute part of the basal beds 
of the Eocene. 

Farther to the north in Delaware the Eancocas formation consists of 
greensand marls which are frequently highly calcareous. The deposits 
are in general quite arenaceous and on the whole less glauconitic than 
the Sewell marls in E'ew Jersey to which horizon they evidently belong. 
The formation has a thickness of about 20 feet in central Delaware but 
gradually thins out toward the Maryland line where the Eocene deposits 
have transgressed the Eancocas and directly overlie the Monmouth forma¬ 
tion. 

The Tertiary Period. 

The Tertiary deposits of Maryland form part of a complex series of 
formations that extend from Few Jersey southward to the Gulf. At no 
point in the middle Atlantic region is the series more complete or better 
exposed than in the Chesapeake Bay district and the bluffs along the 
Maryland and Virginia streams have been classic ground for the study of 
American Tertiary strata. These Tertiary beds unconformably overlie 
the Cretaceous deposits which they gradually transgress landward. The 
Tertiary of Maryland is chiefly represented by the Eocene and Miocene, 
although deposits of presumably Pliocene age also occur. 

The Eocene. 

The deposits of Eocene age lie above and to the east of those previously 
described. They strike across the State from northeast to southwest and 


284 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

can be traced southward into the State of Virginia. In the Potomac Val¬ 
ley they dip at about 12-| feet in the mile to the southeast. Eocene de¬ 
posits of different character appear farther southward and can be traced 
thence through the Gulf region. The beds are marine and fossils are 
numerous. The deposits constitute a single group known as the Pamun- 
key group. 


The Pamunkey Group. 

The Pamunlmy group, so called from the Pamunkey River in Virginia, 
has an extensive development both in Maryland and Virginia. The 
surface of the Pamunkey group is largely covered by deposits of later 
date. Numerous outcrops occur along the streams, particularly in the 
valley of the Potomac River, the interstream portions of the country 
being generally covered by later deposits. The Pamunkey group has been 
divided into the x4quia and Nanjemoy formations. 

The Aquia Formation. —The Aqnia formation, so called from Aquia 
Creek which enters the Potomac from the Virginia side about 50 miles 
below Washington, is found unconformably overlying the Cretaceous de¬ 
posits from Cecil County, Maryland, southwestward and southward as 
far as southern Virginia. From Cecil County it crosses Kent and the 
northern portion of Queen Anne’s County on the Eastern Shore and 
thence extends across Anne Arundel, Prince George’s, and Charles coun¬ 
ties on the Western Shore, being particularly well exposed in the valley 
of the Potomac. 

The deposits which consist chiefly of greensands and greensand marls, 
at times highly calcareous and less frequently argillaceous, have a thick¬ 
ness of about 100 feet at the point where the beds disappear below tide. 
From the records of well borings it is known that the beds thicken some¬ 
what to the eastward. The fossils of the Aqnia formation are numerous 
and distinctive and consist of characteristic lower Eocene mollusca and 
corals. The Aquia formation has been divided into the Piscataway and 
Paspotansa members each about 5,0 feet in thickness. The former is 
divided into 7 zones and the latter into. 2 in the Potomac River area. 


]\[aryland at tpie Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


385 


The Nanjemoy Foraiation.- —The Kanjemoy formation, so called 
from Nanjemoy Creek which enters the Potomac Kiver from the Mary¬ 
land side in Charles County, is found conformably overlying the Aquia 
formation. So far as known it is confined to the Western Shore, out¬ 
cropping at various points across southern Amie Arundel, northern Cal¬ 
vert, southern Prince George’s, and central Charles counties. The most 
extensive sections of the Nanjemoy formation in Maryland are in the 
vicinity of Upper Marlboro, along the Patuxent Eiver, and along the 
Potomac Eiver in southern Charles County from Popes Creek northward. 
The best part of this section is opposite Charles County along the 
Virginia bank of the Potomac to the east of Potomac Creek. 

The deposits consist of greensands, often highly argillaceous and less 
frequently calcareous than the lower beds, and with here and there 
layers containing abundant crystals and crystallized masses of gypsum. 
The thickness of the deposits is about 135 feet where best exposed, 
although the beds thicken to some extent eastward. The fossils of the 
Nanjemoy formation as in the case of the Aquia formation are numerous 
and distinctive, and although many are common to the Aquia formation, 
some are confined to the Nanjemoy formation alone. They are mainly 
marine mollusca. The Nanjemoy formation has been divided into the 
Potopaco and Woodstock members, the former 60 to 65 feet in thickness 
and the latter 50 to 60 feet. The Potopaco member is divided into 6 
and the Woodstock into 3 zones in the Potomac region. The lowest zone 
of the Potopaco member is a very argillaceous bed and has been referred 
to as the Marlboro clay. i 

The Miocene. 

The Miocene deposits of Maryland form part of a broad belt of middle 
Tertiary formations that extend from New Jersey southward to the 
Gulf. The strata attain considerable thickness and constitute the most 
important element in the Coastal Plain series with the possible exception 
of the Cretaceous formations. The deposits are mainly if not wholly 
marine and fossils are numerous at most horizons. They constitute a 
single group known as the Chesapeake group. 


286 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


The Chesapeake Group. 

The Chesapeake group^ so called from the characteristic development 
of the deposits in the Chesapealve Bay region, occupies a wide area of 
distribution throughout the eastern and southern counties of the State. 
It overlies the Eocene formations unconformably and in places along the 
western margin transgresses them to the Cretaceous deposits below. The 
surface of the Chesapeake group is for the most part covered by the 
deposits of later date. Fine outcrops, however, occur along the larger 
stream channels and in the bluffs bordering the Chesapeake Bay and its 
estuaries. The Chesapeake group has been divided into the Calvert, 
Choptank, and St. Mary’s formations. 

The Calvert Formation.— The Calvert formation, so named from 
Calvert County, where in the Calvert Cliffs the best sections of Miocene 
deposits on the Atlantic border are found, extends across the State from 
northeast to southwest in a belt from 20 to 30 miles in width. Beginning 
in southern Kent County near the Delaware line, it crosses Queen Anne’s 
and thence extends into the northern portions of Caroline and Talbot 
counties. On the Western Shore it forms a considerable portion of 
northern Calvert and St. Mary’s counties, much of Charles County, and 
the southern portions of Anne Arundel and Prince George’s counties. 

The beds, which consist largely of sands, clays, marls, and diatomaceous 
earth, have a total thickness of about 200 feet, although it becomes less 
than this westward, while at the same time it thickens along the dip to 
the eastward. The dip is about 11 feet in the mile. The fossils are 
numerous, particularly in the upper member of the formation. The 
Calvert formation is divided into two clearly defined members, the Fair- 
haven diatomaceous earth below and the Flam Point marls above. The 
Fairhaven diatomaceous earth is very largely made up of the tests of 
diatoms imbedded in a very finely divided quartz matrix. The Plum 
Point marls consist of series of sands, clays, and marls, some of the 
beds being packed with molluscan shell remains. 

The Choptank Formation.— The Choptank formation, which re¬ 
ceives its name from the Choptank Eiver on the northern bank of which 
the deposits of this age are well exposed, extends in a belt across the 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


PLATE X 



Fig. 1.—View of Miocene Beds, Cove Point, Calvert County. 



Fig. 2.—View of Pleistocene Beds showing Fossil Shells, Cornfield 

Harbor, St. Mary’s County. 

VIEWS SEIOWINO GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN. 








288 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

State to the east of the Galvert formation and is found in Caroline, 
Talbot, and Dorchester counties on the Eastern Shore, in Anne Arundel, 
Calvert, Prince George’s, Charles, and St. Mary’s counties on the Western 
Shore. Like the preceding formation the deposits are deeply buried and 
few exposures are observable on the Eastern Shore. The Choptank for¬ 
mation overlies the Calvert formation unconformably and completely 
transgresses the latter to the northward in ISTew Jersey where it rests 
directly on the Tipper Cretaceous. 

The deposits consist of sands, clays, and marls, with here and there 
indurated ledges. The fossils are very abundant and at times make up 
largely the beds in which they are found. The formation has a thickness 
of 125 feet, which like the Calvert formation thins to the westward and 
thickens down the dip to the eastward. The dip is about 10 feet in the 
mile toward the southeast. The numerous marine fossils, which are 
largely molluscan shells, afford a satisfactory basis of separation of the 
beds from the underlying and overlying formations. 

The St. Mart’s Formation.— The St. Mary’s formation, so called 
from St. Mary’s County where the formation is well developed, especially 
along the St. Mary’s River in the vicinity of St. Mary’s City, crosses 
Maryland from northeast to southwest to the southeast of the Choptank 
formation. On the Eastern Shore it is buried beneath a mantle of later 
deposits. While it evidently occurs in Caroline, Talbot, Wicomico, and 
Dorchester counties no outcrops are known. On the Western Shore it 
has been found only in Calvert and St. Mary’s counties. The deposits 
consist of clay, sand, and sandy-clay, the latter typically greenish-blue in 
color and bearing large quantities of fossils. Locally the beds have 
been indurated, and at times clusters of radiating gypsum crystals are 
found. The formation has a thicloiess of 150 feet, although it thins 
down to the northwestivard and thickens seaward below tide, as shown 
by well borings. Its average dip is 10 feet to the mile. The fossils 
which consist largely of marine forms, among which mollusca predomi¬ 
nate, are very numerous and afford a satisfactory basis for separating 
this formation from the other Miocene formations below it. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


289 


Pliocene. 

The only formation which has been referred to this period within the 
State of Maryland is the Lafayette. Its age has been long in doubt and 
there are not yet sufficient data to refer it definitely to any period. All 
that can be said is that it is younger than the Miocene which it covers 
and older than the oldest Pleistocene beds found in the same vicinity. 
Within this region no fossils have been found, and elsewhere the fossil 
plants and animals alleged to have been obtained within its limits are not 
of a character sufficiently definite to determine its age. The correlation, 
therefore, can only be regarded as provisional and more definite evidence 
is needed before the question can be regarded as settled. 

The Lafayette Formation. —The Lafayette formation, first named 
by Hilgard in Mississippi for deposits found well developed in Lafayette 
County in that State, has been traced around the continent border north¬ 
ward and is supposed to be represented in the deposits hitherto called 
by that name in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania where the last 
remnants of the formation are recognized. Within Maryland it crosses 
the State from northeast to southwest and is confined to the eastern mar¬ 
gin of the Piedmont Plateau and the western border of the Coastal Plain. 
Throughout this area it is believed to have once extended as a continuous 
mantle westward over a considerable surface of the Piedmont Plateau 
and eastward over the Coastal Plain. At the present time it has suf¬ 
fered so much from erosion that in Maryland it has been reduced to a 
mere fragment of its former extent. The largest area is located on the 
Coastal Plain southeast of Washington where it forms the divide be¬ 
tween the Patuxent and Potomac rivers as far south as Charlotte Hall. 
This area has been much dissected by stream erosion and around its 
borders there are many outliers which were separated from the larger 
mass by the removal of the material which once connected them. To the 
east of the Patuxent Eiver at Marriott Hill and on the highest hills of 
Elk Heck at the head of the Bay are other scattered patches of Lafayette 
gravels which also rest on Coastal Plain deposits. Along the eastern 
slope of the Piedmont Plateau there is a long line of outliers which rest 
either on beds of Potomac or directly on the crystalline rocks of the 


290 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Piedmont. The most important of these are located in the western part 
of the District of Columbia, near Burtonville, at Catonsville, near 
Lochraven, near Stockton, and on the Piedmont area of Cecil County near 
Woodlawn. 

The materials composing the Lafayette formation consist of clay, loam, 
sand, and gravel which are often highly ferruginous, the iron being 
present in the deposits as a cement binding the loose materials together in 
ledges of local development. The Lafayette inaterials were imperfectly 
sorted in the waters of the Lafayette sea and are now found intermingled 
in varying proportions. Although there is a rough bipartite division in 
the deposits as a whole whereby the gravel occurs in greater abundance at 
the base and the sand and loam at the top of the formation yet these 
elements are mixed together in a confusing manner. Irregular oeds or 
lenses of loam, sand, and gravel are locally developed throughout the 
formation. Taken as a whole the gravel is considerably decayed and fine¬ 
grained, but in the vicinity of the Piedmont Plateau it becomes very 
coarse and is imbedded in a compact sand and stiff reddish clay loam. 
Usually the upper portion of the Lafayette is composed of a deposit of 
loam varying in thickness from a few inches to 10 feet or more. At 
times it is highly argillaceous; at other times decidedly arenaceous, but as 
a general rule it is of very fine texture. Along the Piedmont border 
this loam contains considerable iron and has a marked orange color. 
In southern Maryland it changes to a buff or yellow. 

The Lafayette formation is chiefly developed as a terrace lying irregu¬ 
larly and unconformably on whatever older formation chances to be be¬ 
neath it. These range from pre-Cambrian and Paleozoic (the metamor- 
phic rocks of the Piedmont Plateau) up into the later beds of the Miocene 
series. Although the oldest of surficial deposits, the Lafayette formation 
lies topographically highest and at the center of a concentric border of 
younger terrace formations which wrap about it. The Lafayette forma¬ 
tion has a thickness on the average of less than 50 feet, although at some 
points a thickness considerably greater has been observed. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


291 


The Quaternary Period. 

The Quaternary deposits of Maryland and adjacent states form an 
extensive veneer throughout all but the highest portions of the Coastal 
Plain frequently burying from view the deposits of earlier age in the 
interstream areas. The Quaternary is represented by both the Pleisto¬ 
cene and the Eecent. 


The Pleistocene. 

Superficially overlying most of the older formations throughout the 
greater part of the Coastal Plain and extending in places on to the Pied¬ 
mont Plateau are beds of Pleistocene age which, with marked variations 
in thickness, composition and structure, extend from the glacial deposits 
of northern New Jersey through the south Atlantic and Gulf states to the 
Mexican border. The Pleistocene deposits in Maryland belong to a single 
division known as the Columbia group. 

The Columbia Group. 

The Columbia group, so called from the characteristic development of 
the deposits in the District of Columbia, is widely extended as surficial 
deposits throughout the eastern and southern counties of the State as 
well as along the main stream channels that extend into the region of 
the Piedmont Plateau. These deposits form a series of terraces that wrap 
about the Lafayette and the higher portions of the older formations and 
thence extend as fiuviatile deposits up the stream courses. The Columbia 
group has been divided into the Sunderland, Wicomico, and Talbot for¬ 
mations. 

The Sunderland Formation. —The Sunderland formation, so called 
from the hamlet of Sunderland in Calvert County, was formerly devel¬ 
oped as a nearly continuous deposit of the Coastal Plain region of Mary¬ 
land below the Lafayette highlands, but erosion has now removed it over 
wide areas. Like the Lafayette it finds its greatest development in South¬ 
ern Maryland where it forms the divide of Calvert County and of Charles 
and St. Mary’s counties west and south of the Lafayette area. Numerous 
outliers occur to the westward as in the case of the Lafayette formation. 


292 


Maktland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 


A few of them are found within the body of the Coastal Plain region 
while many others occur either on the Piedmont Plateau or on the 
margin between it and the Coastal Plain. At the head of the Bay on 
Elk Neck it is developed as a fringe about and a little lower than the 
Lafayette. 

The materials which compose the Sunderland formation consist of clay, 
loam, sand, gravel, peat, and ice-borne blocks. These as a rule do not 
occur in well defined beds but grade into each other both vertically and 
horizontally. The coarser materials, with the exception of the ice-borne 
boulders, are usually found with a cross-bedded structure while the clays 
and finer materials are either developed in lenses or are scattered through¬ 
out the formation and may occur in the gravel beneath or in the loam 
above. There is distinguishable throughout the formation a tendency for 
the coarser materials to occupy the lower portion and the finer the upper 
portion of the formation, but the transition from one to the other is not 
marked by an abrupt change and coarser materials are frequently found 
above in the loam and finer materials below in the gravel. As a whole, 
the material is coarser in the Potomac and Susquehanna basins than else¬ 
where. 

The sources from which the Sunderland sea derived the materials for 
its deposits were principally confined to the Coastal Plain, although the 
rivers also brought in contributions from the Piedmont Plateau and the 
mountains of western Maryland. The thickness of the Sunderland for¬ 
mation is very variable. The average thickness probably does not exceed 
25 feet, although at some points it reaches a thickness of from 60 to 80 
feet. A few plant fossils have been recognized in the clay beds but the 
fossiliferous localities in the Sunderland formation are much fewer than 
in the later deposits of Pleistocene age. 

The Wicomico Eoemation.— The Wicomico formation, so named for 
the Wicomico Eiver in southern Maryland, has been developed as a broad 
terrace below and fringing the Sunderland, at times completely filling 
and largely obliterating the bottoms of the ancient stream valleys that 
trenched the Sunderland surface. It has at the present time a much 
larger areal development than the Sunderland and has been much less 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 393 


dissected by erosion than the latter, with the result that the terraced sur¬ 
face has been far better preserved. Its largest development is on the 
Eastern Shore where it forms the watershed throughout the center of the 
region, extending as far southward as Worcester County. 

The materials which constitute the Wicomico formation are similar to 
those found in the Sunderland and in fact many of them have been de¬ 
rived from that formation. They consist of clay, loam, sand, gravel, peat, 
and ice-borne boulders. The distribution of these materials is similar to 
that described in the Sunderland in that they grade one into the other 
both vertically and horizontally, but with the preponderance of the coarser 
materials at the base of the formation while the finer deposits are largely 
developed toward the top. 

The Wicomico sea derived its materials in much the same way as that 
of the Sunderland. The waves eroded the borders of the Lafayette and 
Sunderland formations, frequently reaching the deposits beneath and 
these reworked materials, together with sediments brought from the 
Piedmont Plateau and Appalachian Mountains, comprise the deposits 
laid down. The average thickness of the formation is somewhere from 
25 to 30 feet, although it attains a thickness of about 70 feet at Turkey 
Point in Cecil County. Carbonaceous deposits of considerable thickness 
have been found in southern Maryland in which recognizable plant re¬ 
mains have been discovered. 

The Talbot Eormation. —The Talbot formation, the name for which 
is suggested by Talbot County where the formation is widely developed, 
occupies in Maryland the area between the margin of the older surficial 
deposits and the seashore. It wraps about the Wicomico and other ter¬ 
race deposits as a border and extends up re-entrant valleys as a veneer. 
Erosion has attacked this terrace to such a slight extent that it may be 
considered as continuous, although here and there small areas have been 
separated from the otherwise unbroken surface. Like the Wicomico for¬ 
mation it finds its greatest development on the Eastern Shore and particu¬ 
larly in the southern portions of that area where it forms broad fiats which 
decline lower and lower until they pass into marshes and blend impercep¬ 
tibly with the beach. On the Western Shore it also has an extensive de¬ 
velopment, particularly toward the head of the Bay. 


294 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

The materials which compose the Talbot formation consist of clays, 
loam, sands, gravel, peat, and ice-borne boulders. As in the Sunderland 
and Wicomico formations these materials grade into each other, although 
a bipartite division of the coarser materials beneath and the finer materials 
above is present in the Talbot as in the others. There is on the whole 
much less of decayed materials than in the preceding formations which 
gives to the Talbot a younger appearance. Cross-bedding is very com¬ 
mon. In the western portions of the area throughout the Potomac and 
Susquehanna valleys the Talbot deposits frequently show large numbers 
of ice-borne boulders. These are also common in the upper portions of 
the Eastern Shore. The Talbot formation has an average thickness of 
about 30 feet which at times increases to 80 or 90 feet or thins down until 
it finally disappears. Many clay lenses containing remains of marine and 
estuarine animals and land plants occur near the main channels. Among 
the most important of these may be mentioned the clay beds of Bodkin 
Point containing huge cypress knees and stumps, and the marine deposits 
near Cornfield Harbor at the mouth of the Potomac Elver which contain 
a large assemblage of marine molluscan shells. These clay lenses are 
supposed to be deposits formed by lagoons which subsequently became 
filled. The fossils contained in these beds are in the main identical with 
those found at the same horizon in other states to the north and south 
of Maryland. 

Recent. 

The Kecent deposits embrace ohiefiy those being laid down today over 
the submarine portion of the Coastal Plain and along the various estuaries 
and streams. To these must also be added such terrestrial deposits as 
talus, wind-blown sand, and humus. In short, all deposits which are 
being formed under water or on the land by natural agencies belong to 
this division of geological time. 

The Eecent terrace now under construction along the present ocean 
shore-line and in the bays and estuaries is the most significant of these 
deposits and is the last of the series of terrace formations which began 
with the Lafayette, the remnants of which today occupy the highest levels 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


295 


of the Coastal Plain and which has been followed in turn by the Sunder¬ 
land^ Wicomico, and Talbot. 

Beaches, bars, spits, and other formations are built up on this terrace 
belt and are constantly changing- their form and position with the varia¬ 
tions in currents and winds. Along the streams flood plains are formed 
that in the varying heights of the Avater suffer changes more or less 
marked. On the land the higher slopes are often covered with debris pro¬ 
duced by the action of frost and the heavy downpours of rain which form 
at times accumulations of large proportions known as talus and alluvial 
fans. An illustration of the former is seen in the Deviks Eace-course on 
the western slope of the Blue Eidge, the heavy blocks in this instance 
being separated by the action of frost and subsequently precipitated down 
the steep mountain side. 

A deposit of almost universal distribution m this climate is the humus 
or vegetable mold Avhich being mixed with the loosened surface of the 
underlying rocks forms our agricultural soils. The intimate relationship 
therefore of the soils and underlying geological formations is evident. 

The deposit of wind-blown sands more or less important everywhere, 
as may be readily demonstrated at every period of high winds, is especially 
marked along the sea-coast in Worcester County vdiere sand dunes of 
considerable dimensions have been formed. Other accumulations in 
water and on land are going on about us all the time and with those 
already described represent the formations of Eeeent time. 


MINEEAL RESOUECES. 


The mineral resources of Maryland have yielded a great variety of 
products, some of which afford the basis for important commercial enter¬ 
prises, while others give promise of prospective value. Many of the 
Maryland minerals have been worked since early colonial days, especially 
the brick clays and the deposits of iron carbonate. The Maryland coal 
deposits also were early discovered, and have been the basis of an im¬ 
portant industry for more than half a century. Still other mineral 
products have been developed within quite recent years, the annual value 
of the Maryland mineral output being steadily on the increase. The an¬ 
cient crystalline rocks, confined for the most part to the Piedmont region 
between the Catoctin Mountain and the Chesapeake have afforded the 
most varied mineral substances. Here occur the most important build¬ 
ing-stones; the slates of Delta and Ijamsville; the granite of Port Deposit, 
Woodstock, Ellicott City, and Guilford; the gneiss of Baltimore; the mar¬ 
ble of Cockeysville and Texas; the crystalline limestone of Westminster; 
and the serpentine of Cardiff, Broad Creek, and Bare Hills. In these 
oldest rocks occur also the ores of gold, copper, chrome, lead, and zinc. 
Iron ore is also found here while all the flint, feldspar, kaolin, and mica 
in the State must be sought for in these rocks. These older rocks also 
appear in the Blue Eidge district where they form the Middletown Val¬ 
ley and have yielded traces of copper, antimony, and iron. 

Rocks of later age, forming what geologists call the Paleozoic system, 
constitute the western section of the State. They furnish much sand¬ 
stone and limestone suitable for building purposes, the latter also being 
burned extensively for agricultural uses. There are also important de¬ 
posits of cement rock that have afforded the basis for an extensive indus¬ 
try. At the top of this Paleozoic system of rock formations are situated 
the coal beds of the famous Cumberland-Georges Creek coal basin, in¬ 
cluding the Big Vein ’’ that is universally thought to furnish the highest 
quality of steam and smithing coal. These same rocks also contain im- 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 297 


portant deposits of fire-clay and iron ore, the former affording the basis 
for a very important fire-brick industry. 

The post-Paleozoic formations of the State, although not as rich in 
mineral products, are not devoid of deposits of economic value. The 
interesting variegated limestone breccia, known as Potomac marble, 
and the brown sandstone of Frederick and Montgomery counties belong 
to the oldest of these post-Paleozoic strata. The series of still uncon¬ 
solidated beds representing much of the remainder of post-Paleozoic time 
and comprising all of Eastern and Southern Maryland, and known as 
the Coastal Plain, furnishes the chief supply of brick, potter’s and tile 
clay; of sand, marl, and diatomaceous earth (silica); and much of the 
iron ore. The clay industry, particularly, is one of the most important in 
the State and is largely based on the clays of this region. 


G old $2,5 00. 

Mineral paint SI5,000. 

Sands, marls, etc. S23.000. 

Iron ore $30,0 00. 

Mineral waters SoO.OOO. 
Porcelain materials Si 13.000. 
Road materials SI/S.OOO. 
Cement, rock and sla^ S225,000. 
j S280.000. 



Building stone S1«I60,000. 



Coal S3.300,000. 


Fig. 5.—Diagram showing relative production of Maryland Mineral Industries. 

The various economic products will be briefly considered in the fol¬ 
lowing pages. 





298 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Table of Average Production of Maryland Mineral Products. 


Coal 


$5,500,000 


Clays and clay products: 


Brick and tile. $900,000 

Pottery . 525,000 

Raw clays . 10,000 


Porcelain materials: 

Kaolin . 

Flint . 

Feldspar . 

Sands . 

Marls . 

Silica or tripoli. 

Building stone: 

Granite and gneiss . 

Limestone . 

Slate . 

Marble and serpentine. 

Sandstone . 

Gabbro . 

Miscellaneous . 

Cement, rock and slag. 

Lime (agricultural and building) 
Iron ore (carbonate and hematite) 

Mineral paints . 

Gold . 

Road materials . 

Mineral waters . 


$ 10,000 

85,000 

10,000 


$800,000 

100,000 

125,000 

100,000 

25,000 

5,000 

5,000 


1,435,000 


105,000 

15,000 

3,000 

5,000 


1,160,000 

225,000 

280,000 

50,000 

15,000 

2,500 

175,000 

50,000 


Total 


$9,020,500 


The Coals. 

The coal deposits of Maryland are confined to western Allegany and 
Garrett counties and constitute a part of the great Appalachian coal 
field which covers portions of Pennsylvania^ Maryland^ Virginia, West 
Virginia, Ohio, Kentuck}^, Tennessee, and Alabama. Throughout the 
western portion of this field the rocks with their contained coal beds 
lie nearly horizontal, but to the eastward low folds that gradually in¬ 
crease in intensity are developed until the “ canoe-shaped ” basins of 
central Pennsylvania, western Maryland, and eastern West Virginia 































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 299 


are reached. As a result of this increased folding eastward the coals 
have been metamorphosed through heat and pressure with a relative 
reduction in the amount of volatile carbon, the coals gradually chang¬ 
ing from the soft bituminous to the semi-hituminous varieties with a 
further change to the hard anthracite still farther eastward in the anthra¬ 
cite field of Pennsylvania. In general the coal beds are thickest along 



Fig. 6.—Map showing location of Maryland Coal Basins. 


the eastern margin of the field and thin westward. Many of the coal 
seams can he traced continuously over thousands of square miles, while 
others have only a local development. 

The Maryland coals belong to the group of semi-bituminous coals 
and possess great value for steam and smithing purposes. They are 
used extensively as fuel for locomotives, steamboats and factories, finding 
a ready market in Baltimore, Kew York, and elsewhere along the 
Atlantic border. 











300 


Marylaxd at the Louisiaxa Purchase Expositiox 


The ^laryland coals occur in five basins, known as the Georges Creek 
basin, the Upper Potomac basin, the Castleman basin, the Lower 
Youghioghem^ basin, and the Upper Youghioghen}- basin. The pres¬ 
ent production of coal for the market is almost exclusively confined to 
the first two basins. The far greater prominence of the Georges Creek 
basin has led to the application of the name ‘‘ Georges Creek coal ” to 
most of the coal shipped from the State. Until within recent years 
practically all of this coal came from the Pittsburg seam or “Big Vein,” 
but the gradual exhaustion of this wonderful seam has led to the ex¬ 
ploitation with most satisfactory results of many of the “ Small Yeins 
both above and below the chief seam. There are many companies 
to-day mining the smaller seams either exclusively or in conjunction 
with the large seam. There is unquestionably a great future for 
these smaller seams in Maryland, especially in the Upper Potomac 
basin in southern Garrett County, where they reach their greatest thick¬ 
ness. The total amount of coal in these small seams exceeds many 
fold that originally contained in the “Big Yein.^^ 

The many coal seams in the Mar 5 'land Coal Measures are shown on 
the accompanying vertical section. The figures given represent the 
thickness of the seams from roof to fioor including the coal, bone, 
slate, etc. 

The most important of the seams after the Pittsburg or “ Big Vein ” 
are the Upper Sewickley, the Bakerstown, the Upper Freeport, and the 
Middle and Lower Kittanning, all of which are being successfully mined 
at the present time. 


THE EOLLOWIXG ANALYSES SHOW THE AVERAGE VALUES OF THE 
LEADING MARYLAND COALS. 


Coal Seams. 

Moisture. 

Volatile 

Carbon. 

Fixed 

Carbon. 

Ash. 

Sulphur. 

Calorimetric Values 
in in 

Calories. B.T. U. 

Upper Sewickley 
or “Tyson ”. 

.83 

20.22 

70.09 

8.86 

1.40 

7784 

14,011 

Pittsburg or “ Big 
Vein ”. 

.70 

18.78 

73.13 

7.12 

1.02 

7920 

14,256 

Bakerstown or 
“Four-foot”. 

1.10 

18.64 

70.32 

9.94 

2.07 

7757 

13,973 

V pper Feeeport 
or “Three-foot”. 

1.21 

19.47 

68.70 

10.17 

1.73 

7764 

13,975 

Lower Kittanning 
or “Six-foot”— 

1.26 

19.52 

67.20 

12.01 

2.13 

7484 

13,471 

Brookville. 

.91 

21.04 

68.83 

9.22 

1.30 

7729 

13,912 

















MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


PLATE XI 



Fig. 1.—Outcrop of Pittsburg Seam, near Loxaco:xing, Aulegaxt Couxty. 



Fig. 2.—Coxsolidatiox Coal Company, Ocean No. 7, Allegany County. 


VIEWS OF MAEYLAND COAL MINING INDUSTKY, 







303 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


FORMATIONS 


Dunkard 


390 + feet 


Monongahela 


240-270 feet 


Conemaugh 


600-700 feet 


Allegheny 


260-350 feet 


Pottsville 


325-380 feet 


Scale: 1 inch = 300 feet. 




no'-z/o' 


“T 


COAL SEAMS 


Jollytown coal 2 feet 


Washington coal 3l^ feet 

Waynesburg A ” coal 2 feet 
Waynesburg or Koontz coal 3 to 6 feet 
Uniontown coal 

Upper Sewickley or Tyson coal 6 feet 
Lower Sewickley coal 2^/^ feet 
Redstone coal 4 feet 

Pittsburg, Elkgarden or “ Big Vein ” 
coal 14 feet 

Little Pittsburg coal 2 feet 
2d Little Pittsburg coal 1 foot 


Franklin or Little Clarksburg coal 9 feet 


Lonaconing coal 2 feet 
Elklick coal 1 foot 

Friendsville, Ames or Crinoidal coal 
2 feet 


Maynadier coal 2 to 3 feet 

Bakerstown or Barton coal 2 to 5 feet 
Grantsville coal 3 feet 


Brush Creek or Masontown coal 2 feet 
Mahoning coal 2 feet 

Upper Freeport or Thomas coal 3 to 6 
feet 

Lower Freeport coal 2% feet 
Upper Kittanning coal 1 to SVz feet 


Middle and Lower Kittaiming, Davis, or 
“ Six-foot ” coal 6 feet 
“ Split-Mx ” coal 3 to 4 feet 


Clarion or Parker coal 21/4 feet 
Brookville or Bluebaugh coal 3 to 6 feet 

Mount Savage or Upper Mercer coal 3 ft. 
Lower Mercer coal 1 foot 

Quakertown or Bloomington coal 2 feet 


Sharon coal 1 foot 


Pig. 7.—Generalized section showing relative positions of Maryland coal 

seams. 




























































Makyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


303 


Although coal was discovered in the Georges Creek basin as early as 
1782, the first eastern shipments from the Maryland coal district were 
not made until 1830, when small amounts were transported by barges 
down the Potomac Eiver. The first company was incorporated in 1836. 
Since the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad in 1842 
and of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in 1850, the output from the 
Maryland mines has very rapidly increased, and more than 30 companies 
are now engaged in the mining of coal. 

The average value of the output of the Maryland coal mines in recent 
years has amounted to $5,500,000 annually. 

Building Stones. 

The rocks of the State of Marjdand present many varieties of excel¬ 
lent building and decorative stones. The greatest amount of the product 
is obtained from that portion of the State north of Washington and 
east of Harper’s Perry, West A^irginia, which has been termed the 
Piedmont Plateau, and which includes some of the oldest rocks found 
in the State. The central location of this area, traversed by two main 
railroad lines and several local ones, places it within convenient distance 
of the prominent cities and tovms of the Middle Atlantic coast and 
renders the products both valuable and available wherever the local 
conditions are otherwise favorable. Counteracting the value of this cen¬ 
tral location, however, is the fact that the State of Mar 3 dand represents 
but a section across a series of geological formations, which are present in 
Pennsylvania and Virginia, where there are offered similar opportunities 
for quarrying building stone. In some instances operations were com¬ 
menced in these areas earlier than in Maryland, with the result that 
trade has been diverted to neighboring States which might be gained for 
l\Iar 3 dand by more energetic and intelligent action on the part of the 
local operators. At the present time the operations in the area are in 
no wise commensurate with the supply of material at hand, and the 
demand which might he developed if sufficient forethought and care 
were expended to make the output uniform and the quariwing economical. 

The rich variety in the rocks adapted to structural and decorative 


304 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

purposes renders a description of each variety out of the question, and 
it becomes necessary to treat the occurrences under the following heads: 
The Granites and Gneisses. The Marbles, Serpentines, and Limestones. 
The Quartzites and Sandstones. The Slates. 

THE GRANITES AND GNEISSES. 

Granite is the broad family name that is applied to a large and com¬ 
mon group of rocks, which are usually of a somewhat mottled light gray 
color, and almost always carry Lvo minerals, quartz and feldspar, as 



Fig. 8. —Map of Maryland showing the distribution of building stones. 


essential constituents. Beside these, which make up the mass of the 
rock, there are dark colored iron-bearing minerals, such as black mica, 
or biotite, hornblende, and occasionally pyroxene. Each of these may 
be evident to the eye without the aid of a lens. 

The foregoing minerals usually form irregular aggregates, in which 
the individual grains interlock in such a way that the cohesive strength 
of granite is relatively high. The constituent grains vary very widely 
in size, from individuals two or more inches in diameter to those which 
are scarcely separable with the unaided eye. The arrangement of the 


































Maeyland at the Louisiana Pukghase Exposition 


305 


different mineral grains is irregular and without any prominent lines 
of distribution, when the granites are unmodified products of crystal¬ 
lization from a molten state. Subsequent action on the rock, however, 
through pressure or recrystallization, generally arranges the constituent 
minerals in some regular order, such as in parallel or wavy interlocking- 
lines. It is in this way that many granite gneisses originate from 
granites, as at Port Deposit. True gneisses, however, usually result 
from the recrystallization of rocks laid down under water, and still 
retain their banded character. Since in the trade granites and gneisses 
compete for the same work, and since, when well sorted, there is little 
difference in their practicability for building purposes, they will be 
treated together in the present discussion, the differences between the 
two being shown in the order of grouping in the discussion of the prin¬ 
cipal quarries. 

The regions in Maryland where the granite and gneiss are most ex¬ 
tensively worked are at Port Deposit, in Cecil County, in the vicinity 
of Baltimore, at Woodstock in Baltimore County, and at Ellicott City 
and Guilford in Howard County. Other areas in Howard and Mont¬ 
gomery counties and in the District of Columbia contain some good 
stone, but it is there quarried only for local use. 

Granites. 

Port Deposit. —The Maryland granite which is perhaps best known 
outside of the limits of the State is that quarried in the vicinity of 
Port Deposit. This town is situated on the Susquehanna Eiver three 
miles above its mouth at Havre de Grace. It is one of the principal 
towns of Cecil County and has good railroad connections with Phila¬ 
delphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Harrisburg. It is possible also 
for light crafts to ascend the Susquehanna as far as the town and 
receive their loads directly from the quarry. The value of the granites 
of this area was early recognized, and the rock was used by the settlers 
for the foundation of some of the oldest colonial dwellings. The in¬ 
dustry arising from the quarrying of the rock is, however, of somewhat 
later origin. 

The Port Deposit granite is cut by several series of joints or parting 


306 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


planes which are so situated as to greatly facilitate the extraction of 
blocks of any desired size. Textnrally the stone is marked by an indefi¬ 
nite lamination indicated by the shreds and flakes of black mica. In 
color the rock is a light bluish gray which in buildings gives a bright^ 
fresh appearance at first, and then gradually becomes somewhat darker 
through an accumulation of the dust and dirf of the atmosphere. Such 
a darkening produces a mellowed tone in the buildings which gives 
a pleasing effect. Chemically and physically this granite is very 
durable. The chemical and mineralogical analyses show no constitu¬ 
ents easily removed by the weather, while the tests on its crushing 
strength (over 20,000 pounds per square inch), its absorption (0.19- 
0.25), and freezing thoroughly establish its durability under any cir¬ 
cumstances to which it may be subjected. 

Near Erenchtown, a few miles south of Port Deposit, is another body 
of granite similarly situated. Here the rock is of the same general 
character, but the small quarry opened in it has never been very highly 
developed. Other masses of similar granite, less favorably situated for 
commercial purposes, may be found on either side of the Susquehanna 
in the neighborhood of Port Deposit. 

Ellicott City. —The Ellicott City granite area consists of an irregular 
L-shaped mass, which has an extreme length of about five miles in an 
east and west direction and a breadth varying from one-half to two 
miles. The quarries of Ellicott City are located on either side of the 
Patapsco Eiver in Baltimore and Howard counties, and the rock in 
which they occur extends on the eastern side of the Patapsco as far 
east as Ilchester, but on the western side only as far as Grays Siding. 
The material on the Baltimore County or eastern side is a fine-grained 
rock with a decided foliation or gneissic structure. On the opposite side 
of the river in Ellicott City itself it is more uniform and granitic. Here 
it also has a porphyritic structure in consequence of the development 
of large flesh-colored crystals of feldspar which are disseminated some¬ 
what irregularly through the rock. The time of opening these quarries 
dates back probably into the last of the eighteenth century, but the 
details of their development are entirely wanting. 

The opportunities for shipment and drainage are good. Those of 


Maeylan-d at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 307 


the Ellicott City quarry are seldom excelled, as the opening is in the 
side of a hill so close to the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad 
(main stem) that cars may be loaded simply by turning- the derrick 
boom. 

Probably no area of granite within the State shows as great variation 
in the texture and character of the rock as that about Ellicott City. In 
the quarries on the eastern side of the river the rock appears quite 
schistose and homogeneous, and practically lacking in porphyritic crys¬ 
tals. Through it are scattered large patches or segregations of the 
darker minerals, which give to the rock the somewhat somber effect dis¬ 
played by the Baltimore Cathedral. These patches do not weaken the 
rock, though they render the stone less attractive. On the other side 
of the river the stone has a distinctly porphyritic character, which gives 
to it a mottled effect. The increased amount of feldspar brightens the 
rock and the distribution of the crystals adds detailed variety to the 
structure in which it is used. 

MTodstock.— Perhaps the best granite in Maryland for general build¬ 
ing purposes is that which is found in the small area in the south¬ 
western corner of Baltimore County near the railroad station of Wood- 
stock, Howard County. Within this area, near the quarries, is the small 
town of Granite, which was formerly known as Waltersville. The granite 
mass forms a more or less oval, isolated area extending scarcely two , 
miles northeast and southwest and a mile northwest and southeast. 
Although so small, it is one of the most important economic areas within 
the State. The most striking feature of these quarries is the sharp de- 
markation of the systems of vertical and horizontal joints which are so 
prominent and so regular as to give the impression of cyclopean masonry. 

The chemical composition and appearance of the rock are very satis¬ 
factory, and the physical tests on the crushing strength (20,000 pounds 
per square inch), absorption (0.23-0.25), and freezing show the rock to 
be all that could be desired for strength and durability. 

Guilford.— Perhaps the most attractive granite found within the 
State is that which is quarried at Guilford, Howard County, about live 
miles northwest of Annapolis Junction, on the Little Patuxent Elver. 


308 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


This granite early attracted attention because of the uniformity and 
fineness of its grain, its light color, and pleasing effect. Although the 
area furnishes excellent monumental and building material, it has until 
the recent construction of a spur been situated some miles distant from 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, a circumstance which has delayed such 
a development and recognition of the rock as the material deserves. 

Minor Areas.—Besides the five areas already described there are sev¬ 
eral other granite masses within the State, as indicated by the map, 
which have been worked from time to time to supply the local demands, 
and occasionally with the hope of bringing the stone into commercial 
importance. Of these smaller masses which have been quarried spas¬ 
modically may be mentioned those at Dorsey’s Eim, between Ellicott 
City and Woodstock; at Sykesville; at Garrett Park; at Cabin John, 
in Montgomery County; and the granites of the Middletown Valley. 

Gneisses. 

Certain of the more uniform and compact gneisses furnish good 
building material and many quarries have been opened in the areas 
where the demand is great and the expense of handling and transpor¬ 
tation is fairly low. These quarries are especially noticeable in the 
vicinity of Baltimore, where all of these conditions are fulfilled. The 
gneisses of the area, represented on the map, show great constancy in 
their mineralogical and textural composition. They are composed of 
alternating bands of fibrous to micaceous hornblende, biotite and chlorite 
schist between lighter colored more or less feldspathic quartzschist. The 
dark ferruginous bands break down readily and are not used at all as 
structural material, but are discarded as waste. The best material 
comes from those portions of the lighter bands which are composed 
almost wholly of quartz, the prepared blocks differing but little from 
those made of a well-characterized quartzite. The rocks are rather 
strongly bedded in slabs from three inches to three feet in thickness, and 
are thus more easily worked than the hardness of the rock might at first 
suggest. 

The quarries about Baltimore are grouped around two centers, Jones 
Falls and Gwjmns Falls, on the northern and western sides of the city. 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 


PLATE XII 



Fig. 1.—View of McClenahan Granite Quarry, Port Deposit, Cecil County. 



Fig. 2.—Thirty-eight-ton Monolith, Beaver Dam Quarry, Baltimore County. 


VIEWS OF MAEYLAND BUILDING-STONE INDUSTKY 










310 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


the location being determined by the facilities afforded by the shape of 
the country for opening and working the quarries on a horizontal plane. 
This method of working decreases the cost of handling the stone, avoids 
any expense or difficulties because of water, and often furnishes a con¬ 
venient and cheap dumping ground away from the rock bed which may 
be worked in the future. 

Smaller quarries are found at different points within the Piedmont 
where the gneiss is worked to meet the local demand for foundations, 
crushed stone, etc. 

The average value for the annual output of granites and gneisses in 
the State is about $800,000. 

THE MARBLES AND LIMESTONES. 

The marbles and limestones are perhaps the most uniformly dis¬ 
tributed of all the building stones in the State, for larger or smaller 
areas may be found in Baltimore, Carroll, Howard, Erederick, Mont¬ 
gomery, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett counties. These differ 
widely, however, in character, mode of occurrence, and geological age. 
Unlike tlie granites, gneisses, and serpentines, they are not confined 
to the central portion of the Statp, called the Piedmont Plateau, since 
they are found well developed in the broad Hagerstown and Frederick 
valleys and in the more mountainous areas of the Alleghanies. The 
exposures are almost always poor on account of the relative readiness 
with which these rocks break down under atmospheric agencies, and 
from the same cause they usually occur in valleys and seldom along 
ridges or the crests of mountains, as the sandstones do. Moreover, 
whenever there occur sufficient bodies the valleys are characteristically 
broad, flat, and very fertile. 

According to their geological age the marbles and limestones have 
undergone various degrees of change, since the time of their formation. 
There is a progressive increase in their crystalline character and free¬ 
dom from fossils, from the little changed fossiliferous Greenbrier lime¬ 
stones of Garrett County to the crystalline, non-fossiliferous marbles of 
Baltimore County. This increased alteration, which they have under¬ 
gone, is accompanied by a change in color from the dark limestones of 


Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


311 


the Carboniferous and Helderberg formations through the lighter Shen¬ 
andoah limestones to the variegated marbles of the western Piedmont 
formation and the clear white or blue marbles which are so extensively 
worked in Baltimore County. 

According to their character, their occurrence, and the uses to which 
these various stones are put, they may be grouped for discussion in the 
following subdivisions: 

Marlles, including the highly crystalline dolomites and marbles of 
Baltimore, Howard, and Carroll counties. 

Potomac Marble/’ or breccia, which is found locally in the Eed 
beds ” of the Newark formation (Triassic) in Montgomery, Frederick, 
and Carroll counties. 

Serpentines or “Verd& Antique ” of Harford, Baltimore, and Mont¬ 
gomery counties. 

Limestones, including the crj^stalline blue and gray limestones, mag¬ 
nesian limestones, and dolomitesof Frederick, Washington, Alle¬ 
gany, and Garrett counties. 

2larbles. 

The marbles of Maryland have been known for their great value 
in building and monumental work since the beginning of the last cen¬ 
tury. They are all confined to that portion of Maryland composed of 
the highly crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau. Those which are 
being worked at the present time occur in Baltimore County. 

i\lARBLES OE BALTIMORE CouNTYL —The chief quarries are located at 
Cockeysville and Texas, on the Northern Central Eailway, about fifteen 
miles from Baltimore, and are separated from each other by a distance 
of a mile and a half. Although situated so close together and pre¬ 
senting but parts of a single formation in the same valley, the quarries 
expose rocks showing many differences in composition, purity, coarse¬ 
ness of grain and texture, which have developed different industries in 
the two places. The rock at Texas is a coarse-grained marble of nearly 
pure carbonate of lime suitable for use as a flux or fertilizer, while that 
at Cockeysville is a finer-grained dolomific marble, rich in magnesium 
and well adapted for building and decorative purposes. 


312 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

The texture of the eastern marble varies widely. The rock from 
Texas is a very coarsely crystalline marble or “ alum stone ” in which 
the individual grains are sometimes J or f of an inch in diameter. 
The constituents are weak in themselves and they are weakly held 
together. Such a texture renders the rock nearly worthless as a build¬ 
ing stone where small blocks must be used and great weights sustained. 
This is emphasized by the determination of the crushing strength, 
which is very low. The grain of the Cockeysville or Beaver Dam 
rock, on the other hand, is excellent, the individuals seldom exceeding 
of an inch in diameter, the component particles forming a closely inter¬ 
locking aggregate. This interlocking of the grains tends to produce a 
compact and hard rock whose crushing strength is high (20,000 pounds) 
and absorption ratio low (0.213 per cent). This difference in closeness 
of grain is not strictly a geographical one, since fine-grained marbles, 
similar to those at Cockeysville, may be found at Texas. There is at the 
latter point, however, little evidence of the occurrence of rock which will 
combine such fineness and closeness of grain, freedom from mica and 
pyrite, and abundance as is shown in the rock worked by the Beaver Dam 
Company at Cockeysville. Quarries are also being opened at Summer- 
field, where good deposits of marble have recently been found. Small 
areas of marble also occur in Howard County. 

Marbles of Carroll County.— Intermediate between the clear 
white, fine-grained saccharoidal marbles of Baltimore and Howard coun¬ 
ties and the dark blue and gray limestones of the Ha,gerstown and 
Frederick valleys are the variegated marbles of Carroll County, which 
have furnished samples unsurpassed in beauty and variety by those of 
other states. All of these varieties occur in lenses which do not occupy 
any considerable extent or present large exposures, but instead are con¬ 
fined to valleys which are long and narrow and are the direct result of 
the readier removal of the calcareous rocks than of the adjacent shales 
and sandstones. The marbles thus occupy the bottom lands and seldom 
outcrop high above the level of the streams. 

Up to the present time the method of extracting the stone has been 
very crude, since the only desire has been to obtain the rock in pieces 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 313 


suitable for foundations and ordinary buildings. Prom a study of the 
small quarries it seems probable that no blocks can now be obtained in 
size, shape, and quantity for first-class building purposes. The jointing 
is not trustworthy and the rock tends to break down into thick angular 
blocks varying in size from eight cubic feet to small fragments. Care¬ 
ful work with channeling machines or diamond drills and a discontinu¬ 
ance of explosives might allow the quarrying of blocks which would be 
valuable for interior decoration in the form of mosaics and mantels. 

Another serious drawback in workin|g these rocks, which appear so 
beautiful in samples, is the irregular distribution of the colors. The 
white may be replaced by red or the red may be replaced by blue and 
so on. There seems, however, to be a greater amount of red and white 
or clear white than anything else. The variations in color are so fre¬ 
quent and uncertain that it seems doubtful if any quarry now opened 
could fill any moderately large order with material like a given sample. 
That there are beautiful marbles within these lenses is beyond doubt, but 
a suitable place for the development of a profitable industry in them 
has 5 'et to be found. 


Potomac Marble. 

The most interesting building material in the entire State of Mary¬ 
land is the “ Potomac marble,” calico rock,” or Potomac breccia,” 
which has been used occasionally for the greater portion of a century. 
The chief interest in this rock arises from the fact that, as stated by 
Merril, it is “ the only true conglomerate or breccia marble that has ever 
been utilized to any extent in the United States.” 

This conglomerate is found in several places along the eastern slope 
of the Blue Eidge and has been quarried near Washington Junction on 
the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. The quarries are small affairs, which 
have been operated spasmodically. The one most actively operated is 
located about a mile east of the Washington Junction station. 

This rock was first brought into notice by Mr. B. H. Latrobe, Superin¬ 
tending Architect in the construction and repair of the Capitol and 
White House before and after the War of 1812. The columns which 


314 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

were then procured are still standing in the old House of Representa¬ 
tives, now used as Statuary Hall. The quarries whence they were 
obtained have never been fully developed, although Mr. Latrobe thought 
that he had found in the newly discovered marble of the Potomac an 
inexhaustible resource of the most beautiful building materials easily 
accessible by water. The conglomerate consists of pebbles of limestone 
of varying size which sometimes reach a foot in diameter, although 
usually averaging about two or three inches. The fra,gments, which are 
both well rounded and angular, range in color from gray to blue and 
dark blue, and occasionally pebbles of quartz, chloritic schist, and white 
crystalline marble occur. All are imbedded in a red calcareous matrix 
mixed with a greater or less amount of sand. 

Serpentine. 

Serpentine or “ Verde Antique ” has been quarried in Maryland for 
many years, but the annual production has always remained small. As 
this rock enters into competition with some of the marble for interior 
decoration it has frequently been classed as a marble, although as far 
as the Maryland deposits are concerned it is in no wise related to the 
marble, however intimately interwoven with calcite veins it may be. 
The deposits are found in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Howard, and Mont¬ 
gomery counties, where they have been worked to a greater or less 
extent in the hope of obtaining good material for general building or 
interior decoration. The most thoroughly exploited are those about 
Baltimore, at the Bare Hills, those on the banks of Broad Creek in 
the eastern part of Harford County, and a small area near Cambria in 
the northern part of the same county. That the stone is capable of 
furnishing beautiful slabs for decorative purposes has been clearly proven. 
The deposits on Broad Creek are situated in the midst of a large serpen¬ 
tine area, Avhich extends from the Susquehanna soutlnvesterly into Bal¬ 
timore County. The nearest town is the small village of Dublin some 
three miles to the south, AAdiich is lacking in both railroad and canal 
communication. In the shipping of orders it is necessary to have all 
of the stone hauled to Conowingo on the Perrjwille and Columbia Rail- 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 315 


road, a distance of three or four miles. The texture of the stone does 
not vary widely, and the impression is left that the stone works readily. 
If due care is used to avoid the use of explosives and the working of the 
stone after it has lost the so-called quarry water, much of the waste may 
be avoided. The use of diamond drills or channeling machines offers 
the only method which will justify the expectation of profitable work. 

What has been said of the Broad Creek rock may equally well be said 
of that in the smaller openings near Cambria, a small station on the 
Baltimore and Lehigh Eailroad not far from Cardiff. 

The average value of the annual output of marble and serpentine in 
the State is approximately $100,000. 

Limestones. 

The blue and gray limestones of Paleozoic age have with a single ex¬ 
ception never been quarried in Maryland as building stones except for 
local use. The most important and in fact the only limestone which has 
been used in prominent buildings is the Shenandoah limestone of 
the Hagerstown and Frederick valleys. This rock is a magnesian lime¬ 
stone containing alumina and graphite which, however, shows a wide 
range in its composition. 

This stone is usually of a deep blue color when freshly quarried but 
upon exposure there is slowly formed a thin white coating over the face 
of the rock, which brightens the color to a dove-gray, thereby greatly 
improving the appearance of the buildings. This change goes on uni¬ 
formly and accordingly does not pass through the unsightly mottled 
stage. 

There is no doubt that this rock might become of considerable im¬ 
portance commercially as a building stone. At present, however, the 
residual soil, with which it is covered, lends itself so readily to brick 
making that there is little demand for stone except in heavy structures 
or for foundations. 

Many areas in the Hagerstown Valley offer limestones which may ulti¬ 
mately prove of importance as building stones. Openings in the rock 
are made only for lime at the present time, and the methods of quarry- 



316 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

ing, which shatter the rock by heavy charges, make the exposures look 
less favorable for the production of building stone than is actually the 
case. If proper care in extraction were exercised, there is no doubt but 
that large blocks of limestone could be quarried in many places through¬ 
out the entire valley, which would in some instances work into a good 
grade of “ black marble.” 

The most successful quarry at the present time is that situated near 
Eckles Mills, Washington County, operated by the Washington Marble 
Company. The rock, as here exposed, occurs in several well-defined beds, 
lying at a moderate dip, which yield excellent decorative stock. The 
material varies somewhat in color in the different beds but large slabs, 
suitable for interior decoration, have been obtained, which in their soft, 
pleasing tones and a,greeable markings rival many of the better known 
foreign marbles. The product of these quarries is already on the market 
and the present demand forecasts the establishment of a good industry 
at this locality. 

In the Frederick Valley little has ever been done towards quarrying 
the blue limestone for building purposes, as almost all of the stone which 
has been taken out has been burned for lime which finds a ready market. 
The buildings in Frederick show that there has been some quarrying for 
building material, since several of them are built of limestone and almost 
all of them have limestone foundations or sills. 

West of the Hagerstown Valley in Washington, Allegany, and Garrett 
counties there are three Paleozoic limestones, namely the Niagara, 
Helderberg, and Greenbrier. Of these the second is the only one which 
offers reasonable grounds for expecting good building material within its 
limits. The upper massive beds of the Helderberg which outcrop in 
five or six small bodies along the Potomac from Hancock to Cumberland, 
and form a continuous belt from the latter point to Keyser, West AGr- 
ginia, afford every indication that satisfactory building material may 
be obtained. Little if any work has been done in this formation because 
there have been no local demands. 

Of the two remaining formations the Niagara is of such a nature that 
it cannot be used at all, and the Greenbrier is scarcely any better adapted 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


317 


to building purposes. Both formations occur in valleys with very few 
outcrops. The latter division has a single exposure on the Potomac 
between Keyser and Piedmont, West Virginia, and is imperfectly shown 
on Jennings Pun and Braddocks Run. It is also injured for structural 
purposes by the pyrite which occurs scattered through it. 

The average value of the annual output of limestone for the State is 
approximately $100,000. 


THE SANDSTONES. 

Although there is but one sandstone within the State which has at¬ 
tained any considerable reputation as a building stone, there are many 
formations in different parts of the area which furnish suitable sand¬ 
stones for local construction. x4s is the case with all building stones the 
factor of transportation facilities is so important that only those deposits 
can come into general use which are high class and situated adjacent to 
prominent lines of travel either by railroad or boat. The sandstones 
of the State may be considered under the following heads; the Triassic 
sandstones, the Paleozoic sandstones including the Cambrian or “ Moun¬ 
tain ’’ sandstone, the Tuscarora and Oriskany sandstones, the Pocono 
and Pottsville sandstones, and the Micaceous sandstones. 


l^riassic Sandstones. 

The Triassic or Seneca Red ’’ sandstones are the only ones quarried 
in Maryland which possess a recognized reputation in the market, or 
which furnish material for more than local work. The formation in 
which they occur is extensively developed along the eastern edge of the 
United States from Connecticut southward through ISTew York, ISTew 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia and in scattered areas into ISTorth 
and South Carolina. It is from rocks of the same age that the well- 
known building stones from Portland, Connecticut, Prallsville, Yew 
Jersey, and Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, are quarried. This formation 
enters Maryland from the north near Emmitsburg, and continues with 
varying width through Carroll, Frederick, and Montgomery counties to 


318 Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 

the Potomac Piver. Between these limits there is an almost continuous 
belt locally known as the “ red lands ’’ which is divided into two areas 

a small exposure of the underlying Shenandoah limestone a few miles 
west of Frederick, where the whole of the Triassic has been removed by 
stream erosion. 

In either direction from this point the formation widens to about 16 
miles at the Mason and Dixon Line and 4 miles where it crosses the 
Potomac. East of this belt in the southwestern corner of Montgomery 
County there is also a broad area of the same formation which is con¬ 
tinued southward into Virginia. It is to this southern area that the 
quarrying of sandstone is almost entirely confined. The prominent quar¬ 
ries are situated near the mouth of Seneca Creek, Montgomery County, 
on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal about 25 miles northwest of Wash¬ 
ington. 

The first use of the Seneca stone is not known, although it is evident 
that blocks of this material were utilized prior to the Eevolution. The 
beds from which the building stones are now obtained lie west of Seneca 
Creek, on the left bank of the Potomac River, where the dip is some 15 
to 20 degrees to the southwest. The sandstone beds themselves differ 
very much, not only in color but also in hardness and texture. Some 
are fine-grained and can be wrought to a sharp arris, others are coarse¬ 
grained and may assume the character of a conglomerate. Interstratified 
with these grits are argillaceous shaly beds, which, together with some of 
the eonglomeritic beds, are entirely unfit for the better grades of work, 
and cannot compete even with local stone for rough foundation work on 
account of the cost of transportation. In strata showing as wide varia¬ 
tion as these do it is natural that only a portion of the material excavated 
is available, and there must necessarily be a considerable waste. 

The texture of the stone which is placed upon the market is excep¬ 
tionally good. It is very fine-grained and uniform and is not at all 
shaljq and shows little or no disposition to scale when exposed to the 
weather. The particles of quartz are evidently distributed through a 
fine, scarcely perceptible cement, and over the entire face there are very 
minute flakes of muscovite which brighten the general appearance of tho 


Maryland at the Louisiaxa Purchase Expositiox 


319 


rock. Occasional!}^ in larger blocks there are seen small bands of coarser 
grain which indicate the bedding, and in a few instances this alternation 
in texture is emphasized by variation in the color of the cement. 

One of the most valuable features of the Seneca sandstone is the ex¬ 
treme readiness with which the stone may he carved and chiseled when it 
is first quarried. It is then soft enough to he easily cut and the texture 
is sufficiently uniform to render the stone satisfactory for delicate 
carving. As is frequently the case with all building stones the rock 
after exposure loses the readiness with which it may be worked and be¬ 
comes hard enough to turn the edge of well-tempered tools. It is this 
hardening on exposure which protects and preserves the delicate tracery 
sometimes seen in the finer examples of dressing in blocks from these 
quarries. 

The color of the Seneca Creek sandstone as furnished varies from a 
homogeneous light reddish-brown or cinnamon to a chocolate or deep 
purple-brown. When freshly quarried the colors are even brighter than 
after the rock has been exposed some time, the rock presenting tones of 
a light reddish fawn color. The color changes with the composition. 
With an increase in quartz the luster of the rock becomes brighter and 
with an increase in feldspar the tone of the rock hecomes grayer, while 
an increase in the amount of cement deepens the color. 

Throughout the entire extent of the Triassic as exposed in ^Maryland 
there are small local quarries developed to supply the demands for 
foundations and occasionally for more pretentious buildings. The gen¬ 
eral demand, however, is more than overcome by the cost of transpor¬ 
tation in all but the most favorably situated localities. There are, how¬ 
ever, many occurrences which will prove of value as the country be¬ 
comes developed and improves its facilities for distributing its resources. 


Paleozoic Sandstones. 

Among the various Paleozoic formations there are five well-marked 
sandstones. These are the Cambrian, Tuscarora, Oriskany, Pocono, and 
Pottsville. Xone of these have been worked to any considerable extent 


320 


Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


as building stones, because of the lack of demand and of transportation 
facilities. 

Cambrian or Mountain ” sandstone extends across the State in 
two parallel bands of dense quartzites which form the Blue Eidge and 
Catoctin mountains. These quartzites were originally porous sandstones, 
which have subsequently been thoroughly consolidated by a dense sili- 
cious cement. Similar rocks also occur in the small detached area of 
Cambrian sandstones which forms Sugar I^oaf Mountain. The rock 
has never been brought prominently into the market, although it has 
been used quite extensively for railroads, canals, roads, and a few indi¬ 
vidual buildings. 

Other quarries have been opened in a small way along the Western 
Maryland Eailroad to supply the demands for good road metal and small 
quarries have been operated as at Emmitsburg. 

Tusoarora and Oriskany sandstones have a considerable develop¬ 
ment in Allegany and Washington counties where the stone has been 
used to supply the local demands. This is especially true of the area 
about Cumberland. Here the Oriskany sandstone, which is of a buff- 
brown to yellow color, was the first to be introduced. It is the source 
of all the sills, foundations, and lintels for the older buildings. Al¬ 
though this has not proved altogether satisfactory about Cumberland 
there are other points in the distribution of this formation where it 
seems probable that good material may be obtained. 

When it was found that the Oriskany sandstones were not as durable 
as expected and that they soon became disfigured by exposure, attention 
was directed to the harder white sandstones of the Tuscarora which are 
exposed in Wills Mountain just west of Cumberland. The ledge as here 
exposed has a thiclmess of some 300 feet, but the solid rock has not yet 
been quarried since the demand is more readily supplied by utilizing the 
many detached blocks which cover the slopes of the mountain. At the 
present time this stone is used for foundations and trimmings in all 
of the better class of buildings in Cumberland. The rock varies some¬ 
what in texture and firmness according to the different beds, but on the 
whole shows unusual uniformity. It is bright gray in color and is 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 321 

composed entirely of fragments of quartz^ which are themselves cemented 
by a silicious cement, causing the rock to he in reality a quartzite rather 
than a sandstone. Feldspar and mica are also found in the rock. Fcav 
imperfections were noticed and for one of such silicious character the 
rock seems to he very free-working. 

PocoNO sandstone has received but little attention and has been used 
only occasionally as a supply for flagging. It seems quite probable that 
as the demand for building stones increases the flags, which are well 
developed in places, may come to be of some importance. 

PoTTSViLLE sandstones and conglomerate are interstratifled with sandy 
shales in which thin beds of coal are locally developed. The sandstones 
are usually coarse-grained and conglorneritic, with marked evidences of 
cross-bedding which are irregular in extent and distribution. The indi¬ 
vidual pebbles, frequently very small, are held together by a silicious 
cement, which indicates great durability for the rock. Unfortunately 
such a cement renders the working of the stone both diffieult and ex¬ 
pensive. It is probable that this material will never become of economic 
importance except in the supply of local demands for foundations, steps, 
and occasional door sills. 

Micaceous Sandstones. 

Scattered over the northeastern portion of ]\Iaryland in Baltimore and 
Harford counties are several exposures of highly micaceous quartzose 
rocks, which were originally sandstones but which have now undergone 
considerable change through dynamic metamorphism. These are most 
characteristically developed in Setters Eidge along the Green Spring 
Valley, ten miles north of Baltimore where the rock is quarried near 
Stevenson. 

The average annual output of sandstones for the State is approxi¬ 
mately $25,000. 


THE slates. 


Slate suitable for the production of roofing-slate has been found at 
several points within the limits of the State and quarries have been 


322 Makyland at the Louisiana Pukcitase Exposition 

opened in the Peachbottom area of Harford County, at Hyattstown in 
Montgomery County, and at Linganore and Ijainsville in Frederick 
County. Slates from the latter county have proved pleasing in color 
and durable, but the public taste has been educated to certain character¬ 
istics for slate Avhich these do not possess and they are of little or no 
commercial importance. The only area of active operations at present 
is that in Harford County. 

The Peachhottom Slates. 

The slate produced in the quarries of the Peachbottom district of 
Maryland and Pennsylvania is the most Avidely knoAvn structural material 
manufactured Avithin the limits of the State. Unfortunately Maryland 
has received little credit for its share in the industry although almost all 
of the productHe quarries are situated Avithin its limits. This appar¬ 
ent injustice has arisen from the fact that the shipping point for most 
of the quarries and the residence of many of the operators is Delta, 
Pennsylvania, a toAvn lying at the foot of the ridge AAdiich supplies the 
stock for the manufacture of slate. Delta is much larger and better 
knoAim than its Maryland associate, Cardiff, Avhich is only separated by 
the State boundary. 

The topographic relations betAveen the toA\m and the quarries are par¬ 
ticularly favorable for the shipment of slates and the establishment of 
a prosperous community. The toAvn is connected Avith the piuncipal 
cities of the Atlantic seaboard by the Maryland and Pennsylvania Eail- 
road reaching from York, Pennsylvania, to Baltimore. There is no 
information at hand from Avhich Ave may learn Avhen the presence of 
valuable roofing slates Avas first recognized in this area or Avhen the first 
material AA^as taken out for roofing purposes. According to the local 
tradition, Avhich is subject to some doubt, the slates AA^ere quarried as 
early as 1750. The building on Avhich these slates AA^ere laid Avas de¬ 
stroyed a feAV years ago and the inferences concerning its age are based 
on a series of deeds and family papers AAdiich seem to indicate the date 
of construction as 1749 or 1750 and the source of the material as some 
point on the ridge not far to the north of the Mason and Dixon Line. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


323 


The first authentic evidence of quarrying is the slate recently removed 
from the roof of the old Slate Eidge Church, known to have been built 
in 1805, which was torn down in 1893. The slates from this old roof 
which had been exposed to the atmospheric agents of degeneration for 
nearly a hundred years show no change in color or firmness, although 
some of them were covered by lichens and other vegetable growths. Some 
of the larger slabs have been preserved by the quarry superintendents to 
show the great stability of their stone, even when poorly prepared and 
poorly laid. 

Throughout all of that part of the area which has furnished good 
slates the bedding is not clearly defined and the ledges of first-class 
material do not seem to present any continuous arrangement, suggesting 
valuable beds separated by non-productive ones. This lack of definition 
in the bedding of the stone renders it impossible to compute with any 
degree of accuracy the thickness of beds or “ veins.^^ Some of the quar¬ 
ries produce good slate over a distance of at least 150 feet across the 
strike and their operations are limited not by the quality of the stone 
but by a short-sightedness during early operations which allowed the 
rubbish to be dumped upon the workable beds. 

All of the quarries along the line show a great many series of joints 
which both aid and hinder the working of the quarries. The great 
number of joints and their intersection with each other at varying angles 
renders much of the material extracted unavailable for the manufacture 
of roofing slates or mill stock. While this is so and the amount of rub¬ 
bish about the quarries is very great it is doubtful if there has been a 
greater portion of waste material than is common in slate quarries the 
world over. 

The most prominent feature in the texture of the Peachbottom slates 
is the coarse fibrous arrangement of the particles which give to the stone 
an appearance somewhat suggestive of the fiber of petrified wood. This 
texture renders the slates much stronger in certain directions than they 
might otherwise be, but precludes the method of breaking the slates by 
sharp blows applied normal to the cleavage and makes the stock less avail¬ 
able for milling purposes. The material prepared for market shows little 


324 Maktland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

or no variation in the nature of the stone employed, but the character of 
the finished product seems to vary somewhat in different quarries. ISiot 
only is there a difference in the skill with which the Avork is done, but 
the quarrymen seem to differ in the amount of care which they exercise 
in sorting the first and second qualities. 

The color of the Peachbottom slates is a deep blue-black which is 
absolutely unfading, as is shoAvn by the color of slates which have been 
exposed since the beginning of the last century. This fact alone marks 
the product of the area as one of the best slates of the world. From this 
color there seems to be no variation in any of the well-prepared material. 
It should he borne in mind, however, that slates, like broadcloths, when 
placed side by side with their texture in different positions shoAV differ¬ 
ences in their sheen and that these differences may become so marked 
that an impression of a variation in color is often given. The unfading 
quality of the Peachbottom slates allies them Avith the products of the 
Maine and certain of the Vermont quarries and separates them from 
the less uniformly colored slates of the Lehigh and Slatington districts 
Avhich are not ahvays able to retain their color unmodified by exposure. 

The average annual output of slate for Maryland is approximately 
$125,000. 


The Clays and Clay' Products. 

The clays of Maryland that are suitable for economic purposes are 
Avidely distributed and occur at various geological horizons. They are 
most widely distributed throughout the eastern and southern portions 
of the State although some of the most important clays occur in the 
central and Avestern counties. The clays of Maryland are suitable for 
common brick, fire-brick, enameled-brick, stove-brick, terra cotta, seAver- 
pipe, tile, and pottery. 


COMMON brick CLAYS. 

Clays suitable for the manufacture of common brick are widely dis¬ 
tributed throughout the State. Brick making began in southern Mary¬ 
land in colonial days, scattered references to the industry being found in 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


325 


the earliest records. It is evident that practically all of the common 
brick employed for building purposes in colonial days was made at the 
local brick yards. 

Maryland common brick is made from three types of deposits, viz., 
the Coastal Plain sedimentary clays, the residual clays of the Piedmont 
Plateau, and the shaly deposits of the Appalachian Pegion. 

Clays suitable for the manufacture of common brick are found every¬ 
where throug'hout the Coastal Plain. The Columbia loams of Pleistocene 



Fig. 9.—Map of Maryland showing the distribution of clays. 


age form a mantle over most of the surface of the district and on ac¬ 
count of their grittiness and ferruginous character are excellently adapted 
to the manufacture of common brick and are widely used in the vicinity 
of Baltimore. They have sufficient iron to burn to a good red color, 
enough fine particles to insure proper plasticity, and enough grit to 
prevent excessive shrinkage in burning. 

The only Tertiary clay of any great importance for brick making is 
the Marlboro clay at the base of the Kanjemoy formation. It is com¬ 
mon through sections of Southern IMaryland and is well suited to the 
manufacture both of pressed and common brick. 
































326 


Makyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


The Lower Cretaceous formations afford important brick clays, the 
Raritan, however, furnishing chiefly buff-burning clays, although red- 
burning ones occur. The clays from this formation are best developed in 
Anne Arundel County. The Patapsco formation which underlies the 
Raritan contains a large amount of highly variegated clays and extends 
in a broad belt across the State near the western margin of the Coastal 
Plain. The clays of the Patapsco formation are more plastic than the 
Columbia clays and as a general rule occur in beds of much greater thick¬ 
ness. They are particularly well adapted to the manufacture of stiff- 
mud brick while the Columbia clays are rather too gritty for this purpose. 
Next to the Columbia clays they are the most important brick clays in 
the eastern section of the State. They are located for the most part 
near the head of tide along the leading railroad lines and therefore pos¬ 
sess great commercial importance. 

In the Jurassic the Arundel formation affords large supplies of iron- 
ore clays which are well adapted to the making not only of common brick 
but also of pressed brick. They are moderately silicious, highly plastic, 
and have sufficient iron to burn to a good red color. At some localities 
the Arundel clays are comparatively free from iron so they burn buff 
instead of red and lend themselves well to the production of terra cotta 
and roofing tile. 

The residual clays of the Piedmont region are derived from either 
gneisses, granites, limestones, or schists, as a general rule, and in almost 
every case are quite ferruginous so that they not only burn to a deep 
red product but may do so at a comparatively low temperature. Those 
which are derived from a basic igneous rock, such as gabbro or perido- 
tite, usually have a very high plasticity and consequently show a high 
shrinkage in burning. Owing to their high plasticity, however, they 
generally permit of the admixture of considerable sand, although the 
manufacturer often has some difficulty in thoroughly incorporating the 
material with the clay. The residual clays are likely to be variable in 
their depths owing to the uneven surface of the underlying rock, and 
consequently they may vary anywhere from 3 or 4 to 25 or more feet 
in thiclmess. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 337 


The shales suitable for brick making are to be found either in the 
Devonian or Carboniferous, although up to the present time only the 
former have been used. With an increase in demand for bricks in the 
counties of the Appalachian region the Carboniferous shales will no doubt 
spring into prominence and he opened at a number of points. Many of 
these shale deposits will also probaldy be found available for the manu¬ 
facture of vitrified brick. 


terra cotta clays. 

The terra cotta industry of Maryland has been .comparatively little 
developed although what has been done is sufficient to show that suit¬ 
able materials for the purpose are not lacking within the limits of the 
State. The kinds of materials which have been chiefly employed for this 
purpose are the huff-burning Arundel clays, the sandy Patuxent clays, 
and the variegated Patuxent clays. All of tliese clays are well developed 
to the south of Baltimore, especially in Anne Arundel and Prince 
George’s counties. At times the variegated Patapseo clay is also well 
adapted for terra cotta work, particularly in the southern part of Balti¬ 
more City. 


sewer-pipe clays. 

The only sewer-pipe clays employed at the present time come from the 
Arundel formation although it is probable that equally good clays could 
be obtained from the Pleistocene deposits and from the Patapseo forma¬ 
tion. The small importance of the sewer-pipe industry in Maryland at 
the present time is due rather to trade conditions than to lack of clays 
for both the Arundel and Patapseo formations yield materials of con¬ 
siderable plasticity. 


FIRE CLAYS. 

The refractory clays found in Maryland are obtained either from the 
Coastal Plain formations or from the Carboniferous deposits of the 
Appalachian region. The Carboniferous fire clays of Maryland have 


328 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


long been well known, the deposits having been worked since 1841. The 
Pottsville formation is the chief source of the clays which are worked 
at the present time, chiefly along the eastern flank of Savage Mountain. 
These Carboniferous fire clays occur in two forms, known as the plastic 
clay or shale, and the flint clay. Both of them are highly refractory in 
character. 

In the Coastal Plain region fire clays are obtained from the Patapsco, 
Earitan, and Patuxent formations as well as in some instances from the 
decayed crystalline rocks beneath. The first three of these formations 
contain lenses or extensive beds of white to yellow-white clays which 
frequently show a high resistance to fire and can be heated up to the 
fusing point of cone 27 without in many cases becoming vitrified. 

The refractory-ware industry of Maryland is one of the most important 
branches of the cla 3 =^-working industry found in the State. Among the 
more important products are fire-brick, enameled-brick, retorts, stove- 
brick, and stove-linings. The fire-brick are made both in western Alle¬ 
gany County and in Baltimore. The manufacture of enameled-brick is 
confined, however, to the former locality. Betorts are made in Balti¬ 
more while stove-brick and stove-linings are largely manufactured in 
Cecil County. 

POTTERY CLAYS. 

The pottery clays include materials showing a wide range of compo¬ 
sition. The clays suitable for the manufacture of stoneware are to be 
found at many points in the Patapsco formation, especially in Cecil 
County. At the base of the Patapsco formation in the same county 
there is often a bed of bluish-gray, very plastic stoneware clay. Aside 
from these Cecil County stoneware clays the most important are those 
outcropping along the shore of the Chesapeake from Bodkin Point 
southward. 

Clays suitable for the manufacture of yellow-ware are to be found at 
a number of points in the Arundel formation and also in the Columbia, 
both of these formations being extensively drawn upon by the yellow 
and Eockingham ware manufacturers of Baltimore. 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE XIII. 





Fig. 1. Shale Bank of Queen City Brick and Tile Company, Cumberland, 

Allegany County. 



- 


vs: 


Fig. 2.—Pit of Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick Cojmpany, Harman, Anne 

Arundel County. 


VIEWS OF MAUYLAKD CLAY IXDUSTRY. 




330 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Clays for the manufacture of the common red earthenware are abun¬ 
dant and are obtained from the Columbia, Arundel, and Patapsco forma¬ 
tions of the CAastal Plain and from the residual clays of the Piedmont 
Plateau northeast of Catonsville, and also from the residual clays of 
the Appalachian region around Hagerstown. The Potomac clays near 
Baltimore also afford the basis for the manufacture of the higher grades 
of pottery. 

The clay industry is already an important one in IMaryland, the aver¬ 
age value of the output in recent years being $1,435,000. 

The Porcelain Materials. 

Maiyland, as a State, is well provided with porcelain materials such 
as flint, vein quartz, feldspar, and kaolin. These are chiefly developed 
in central Maryland and mined in this region only. They are abundantly 
present over wide areas but only occasionally are they sufficiently free 
from colored minerals and coloring matter to meet the requirements of 
porcelain manufacture. 


flint. 

The flint or quartz is derived from nusually large and pure masses of 
vein quartz or from portions of the gneiss and granite along their con¬ 
tact where the original rocks have been reduced to white pulverulent 
quartz. Flint has been sought most successfully in Cecil, Harford, and 
Baltimore counties. ]\Iost of the material occurs as veins intersecting 
the country rock, generally gahbro, serpentine, or granite, as in the 
vicinity of Castleton and along Deer Creek in Harford County. Here 
and elsewhere where the vein quartz is utilized it is necessary to grind 
the material to a flour and to facilitate this grinding it is customary to 
roast the blocks of quartz, and then cool them suddenly by pouring on 
water, as is done at the flint works at Conowingo, Cecil County. The 
flint from the granite-gneiss contacts require no roasting but need to be 
ground to a flour to meet requirements. The flint flour is shipped in 
bags to different points within and without the State, chiefly Trenton, 
.Xew Jersey, where it is employed in the manufacture of porcelain. 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


331 


crockeryware, wall and sandpaper, sconring soap, tiles, and paints. The 
animal output for the State varies greatly but does not average over 
$85,000. 


feldspar. 

The feldspar, or spar, occurs in pegmatite veins which are found 
abundantly developed throughout the southeastern portion of the Pied¬ 
mont in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Carroll, and Howard counties. The 
material mined is either microcline or orthoclase furnishing the so-called 
“ potash spar,^^ or a plagioclase furnishing the soda spar.” The pres¬ 
ence of pegmatite dikes in which these minerals occur may be easily 
recognized by the numerous coarse-grained boulders scattered over the 
surface or by the chalky white streaks in the road-cuts. They are very 
frequently found near the borders of the serpentine, gabbro, or granite, 
and occasionally in the marbles. The valuable dikes are those in 
which the '^Cspar” is free from colored minerals and relatively free 
from quartz. Pegmatites of this character are being Avorked in Cecil 
County along the Mason and Dixon Line and in the valley of the Patapsco 
in Baltimore and Howard counties. All of the material has to be hand- 
culled to free it from ferruginous matter which would stain the pottery- 
ware during burning and the output is shipped in a crude state chiefly to 
Trenton, Hew Jersey, Baltimore, and East Liverpool, Ohio, where it is 
ground and used in the extensive pottery works. The supply of valuable 
spar is chiefly limited to the Piedmont portions of Pennsylvania, Dela- 
Avare, and Maryland. The annual output in this State varies but aver¬ 
ages over $10,000. 

KAOLIN. 

The kaolin, AAdiich is generally a residual white clay derived from 
feldspathic gneisses comparatiA^ely free from minerals containing iron, is 
best developed in Cecil County. The deposits of this region are closely 
related to those of adjoining portions of Delaware, although in the 
latter State part of the kaolin is derived from the decomposed pegmatites. 
The crude kaolin is Avashed and deposited in settling tanks, the greater 
part of the fine quartz and staining constituents being removed, and sub- 


832 Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

seqiiently dried under pressure. The Maryland material is used for 
fire-clay and sagger-clay but chiefly in the manufacture of jiaper. The 
annual value of the output is about $10,000. 

The Lime and Cement Products. 

The limestone and marble deposits of Maryland have been extensively 
burned for building and agricultural purposes. In the earlier days the 
burning of lime was carried on largely over the State, but in later times, 
since the introduction of phosphates and the improvement of transporta¬ 
tion facilities, the old quarries and kilns scattered so widely over the 
country have been for the most part abandoned. There are still several 
large industries in the marble belt of the Piedmont area and in the 
blue limestones of the Frederick and Hagerstown valleys, supplying 
lime for a|gricultural purposes, especially in the Frederick valley. IMany 
of the largest companies now located in Maryland are deriving their 
supply from more favorably situated deposits outside the State. 

The limestone and marble are also used as flux for blast furnaces. 
The coarse-grained marbles of Texas have furnished a large amount for 
this purpose, and also the limestone quarries at Cavetown on the West¬ 
ern Mar 3 dand Eailroad. Hydraulic cement has been extensively manu¬ 
factured from the limestone of the Cayuga formation of Silurian age at 
Cumberland and Hancock, as well as from the older Shenandoah lime¬ 
stone of the Hagerstown Valley near Sharpsburg. The products from 
these industries have an excellent reputation and have been largely em¬ 
ployed both within and without the State. 

Another use to which the limestones of the State has been applied in 
recent years has been in the manufacture of asphalt blocks for street 
paving. These blocks are constructed of crushed and pulverized lime¬ 
stone, Trinidad asphalt, and a residuum of petroleum heated separately 
and thoroughly mixed and then combined under heavy pressure. These 
blocks have been used extensively in Washington and Baltimore in recent 
years. 

The total value of the lime and cement products of Maryland averages 
annually about $500,000. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


333 


The Sands. 

The sand deposits of the State are widely extended both in the eastern 
and* western sections, but have been but little developed hitherto. The 
sandy sediment which has been deposited upon the bottom of the Potomac 
River has been dredged in recent years and used extensively for building 
purposes in Washington. 

The most important sand deposits in the eastern portion of the State 
are found in the Magothy and Raritan formations in Anne Arundel 
County, and extensive openings have been made near the head of the 
Severn River, where a very pure grade of glass sand is taken out. The 
output of these diggings is transported on small schooners which are 
able at high tide to reach the head of the river. 

The Tuscarora and the Oriskany formations of the western portion of 
the State also afford very pure deposits of quartz which have been ground 
up and employed to some extent in glass-making. The Oriskany strata 
in adjacent portions of West Virginia and Pennsylvania have been ex¬ 
tensively worked for many years and afford the chief sources of high- 
grade glass sands in this country. 

The sandstones, both in the eastern and western portions of the State, 
are capable of much fuller development. The average output yearly is 
about $15,000. 


The Marls. 

The Eocene and Miocene formations of eastern and southern Mary¬ 
land are rich in marl deposits, Avhich have never been developed except 
for local uses. Their importance to the agricultural communities where 
they occur has not been up to the present time very generally recognized, 
although they have been worked to some extent since the early portion 
of the last century. 

The Eocene marls are glauconitic and are like the famous green¬ 
sand marls of ISlew Jersey, which have been so extensively employed as 
fertilizers throughout the eastern and southern portions of that State. 
The Eocene marls of Maryland are found in Kent, Anne Arundel, 
Prince George’s, and Charles counties and increase in thickness south- 


334 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

ward. The greensand marls contain commonly a small percentage of 
phosphoric acid and some potash, Avhile in some areas they are also 
highly calcareous. When properly used they proA^e of much value for 
certain crops. They are spread OA^er the surface of the land, or are 
applied in the form of a compost with harnyard manure. 

The Miocene marls are mainly shell accumulations and are never 
glauconitic. The proportion of shells is often very great, so that the 
]\Iiocene marls are commonly knoAvn under the term of shell marls.” 
They occur abundantly in Queen Anne’s, Talbot, Calvert, and St. Mary’s 
counties, hut have never been used so largely as the greensand marls 
AAdiich lie to the north of them. The average value of the marls dug each 
year probably does not exceed $3000. 

The Iron Ores. 

The iron industr}^ in Maryland was developed early in colonial days 
and continued until a recent date to be one of the most important factors 
in the prosperity of the State. Numerous references are found in the 
earlier records to the iron ores, and early in the eighteenth century we 
find considerable activity in the manufacture of iron. The Principio 
Company, one of the most important commercial enterprises in the early 
days of Maryland, Avas organized in 1732 and began the erection of a 
furnace in Cecil County near the mouth of Principio Creek. In 1761 
the Governor and Council of Maryland reported to the Commission of 
the Board of Trade and Plantations in England that there Avere eighteen 
furnaces and ten forges in the State Avhich made 2500 tons of pig iron 
per year. During the lleAmlutionary War the furnaces and forges of the 
Principio Company supplied bar iron and cannon balls to the Continental 
Army. The Principio Company during the War of 1812 produced can¬ 
non balls and hardware, and guns as large as 32-pounders Avere made for 
the government. Many furnaces Avere built in other sections of the 
State during the eighteenth and early portion of the nineteenth centuries, 
but nearly all of them have been abandoned. Among the most important 
of these furnaces is the Catoctin furnace in Frederick County, AAdiich 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


335 


was built in 1774 and furnished guns and projectiles to the Continental 
Army during the Eevolutionary War. In more recent years several 
modern furnaces have been constructed near Baltimore, of which by far 
the largest is that at SparroAv’s Point, built by the Maryland Steel 
Compani^, which, however, only employs ore obtained from sources out¬ 
side of the state. 

The only furnace now manufacturing Maryland iron to any extent is 
the Muirkirk furnace in Prince George’s County. It employs very 
largely the carbonate iron ores Avhich are obtained from the Arundel 
formation, mainly from Anne Arundel and Prince George’s counties. 
These great lenses of carbonate ore have been Avorked since early colonial 
days, but an ample supply still remains. Tavo types of ore are found in 
these ore lenses knoAvn as the “ Aidiite ore ” or carbonate ore and the 
“ broAAm ore ” or hydrous oxide ore. 

Ores of iron are found AAudely distributed in Maryland from the older 
crystalline rocks doAvn to the more recent deposits, but the most extensive 
accumulations thus far discovered are the broAAUi hematite and pegmatite 
of Frederick County, the carbonate ore of Prince George’s County, and 
the iron ores belonging to the coal measures of Avestern IMaryland. Under 
the present conditions of the iron industry the Maryland ores have not 
the value Avhich they once had, although the excellent quality of the 
carbonate ores still makes it possible for them to compete with the 
cheaper materials of the west and south. This carlmnate iron has been 
largely used by the U. S. Government, it being guaranteed to stand 
30,000 pounds to the square inch in the pig, many tests giving 40,000 
pounds. 

The great Maryland iron industries depend noAV to a A^ery inconsider¬ 
able extent upon local iron ores. The discoA^ery of extensive deposits 
in other sections of our country, jiarticularly in iMichigan, Minnesota, 
and Alabama, coupled Avith the Avonderful extension and cheapening of 
transportation, have resulted in the past feAv years in driving out the 
charcoal furnaces and thus leaving no place for the lean ores of Maryland. 

The average value of the yearly output is about $50,000. 


336 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


The Gold. 

The crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau have been found to 
carry gold in Maryland^ Virginia, Xorth Carolina, and Georgia. The 
gold occurs in quartz veins Avhich occupy tlie old lines of fracture in the 
accompanying rocks. The gold occurs either pure in quartz, or in asso¬ 
ciation with pyrite, or in the pyrite itself, and is also sometimes accom¬ 
panied by lead (galena), silver, and telluride of bismuth (tetradymite). 

The first gold ever found in Maryland was discovered in 1849 near 
Sandy Springs, Montgomery County, a specimen lieing exhibited to the 
American Philosophical Society in that year. ]\Iost of the Maryland 
mines are located along the southern edge of Montgomery County, near 
the Great Palls of the Potomac. The oldest mine in this region was 
opened in 1867. Some wonderfully rich specimens have been obtamed 
from this area, but the gold is so unevenly distributed that it has not yet 
been worked with profit. Eeports are frequent of the discovery of gold 
in other portions of ]\Iaryland, but these finds are generally without foun¬ 
dation and none have as 3 "et been proved to be of any value. The annual 
output of gold from the small mines in Montgomery County probably 
does not exceed $2500 annually. 

The Mineral Paints. 

IMineral paint has been produced at several points in Maryland and in 
widely different geological horizons. Large quantities have been ob¬ 
tained in the past from the brown iron-ore deposits in Prederick County, 
but nothing is being done at the present time in that region. Ochre 
mines have also been operated in Carroll and Howard counties, and 
something is being done in these regions at the present time. 

Important deposits of paint ore have also been obtained from the 
Patapsco formation in Anne xlrundel and Prince George’s counties. 
This ore occurs in a fine and highly ferruginous clay and can be worked 
readily. There are several industries at the present time established 
in this belt and the opportunities for its further development are ex¬ 
ceedingly good. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


337 


The average value of the mineral paints produced in the State is 
about $15^000 annually. 

The Tripoli. 

Tripoli, also known in the trade as infusorial earth or silica is a dia- 
tomaceous earth composed of the shells or tests of microscopic plant forms 
known as diatoms. It is produced in larger quantities in Maryland than 
anywhere else in the United States. It is found at the base of the 
Calvert formation and comprises beds which in Anne Arundel, Calvert, 
and diaries counties attain a thickness of 30 to 40 feet. The most 
extensively worked localities are situated near the mouth of Lyons Creek 
on the Patuxent Piiver and at Popes Creek on the Potomac. 

Tripoli is used for polishing powder and likewise as an excellent non¬ 
conducting cover for steam pipes; also from its extremely porous char¬ 
acter it is used in the manufacture of dynamite cartridges. This ma¬ 
terial was first worked on the Patuxent Eiver in 1882. The average 
value of the product is about $5000 annually. 

The Mineral Waters. 

The mineral waters of Maryland in the past have not attracted much 
attention, but there are several kinds which are being placed on the 
market at the present time with greater or less success, and two at least 
which are being exported in considerable quantities. A few are repre¬ 
sented as having medicinal properties, but the majority are sold prin¬ 
cipally for table waters, mostly in the city of Baltimore. Uearly all of 
the well-known waters come from the crystalline rocks of the Pied¬ 
mont Plateau, only a few being reported up to the present time from 
the Appalachian Eegion and the Coastal Plain. According to the 
Eleventh Census Eeport, based upon information obtained in 1890, 
Maryland ranked thirteenth among the states in the number of springs 
reported and twenty-first in the volume of product. The amount util¬ 
ized in that year is stated to have had a market value of $12,057. Since 
then several new springs have been placed on the market, so that the 


338 


Maktlaxd at the Louisiaxa Purchase Exposition 


importance of MarjiancI as a producer of mineral waters is gradually 
increasing. The average value of the output is about $50,000. 

Around many of the springs in the Piedmont region summer resorts 
have sprung up, in part as the result of the pure quality of the water 
and in part on account of the proximity of the localities to Baltiinor-e 
and Washington. Among the more important may be mentioned the 
Chattolanee, Strontia, Lystra, Bentley, Takoma, and Carroll springs. 
j\Iany other springs are found scattered over the Piedmont Eegion, but 
little beyond local use has been made of them up to the present time. 

The springs of the Appalachian Piegion are not as well known, although 
a thermal spring of saline mineral water at Flintstone, Allegany County, 
has for a long time been highly regarded. There are numerous cold 
chalybeate springs scattered throughout western Maryland, but there has 
been as yet no attempt to introduce the waters or develop the properties 
upon which they are situated. 

Very few springs of mineral water of more than local reputation are 
reported from the Coastal Plain. The Mardella of Wicomico County is 
very well knoum and the waters have been placed upon the market. Sev¬ 
eral other springs, which have only a local value, are reported from the 
eastern and southern comities, among them a sulphur spring situated at 
St. Michaeks in Talbot County. 

The Eoad Materials. 

The State of Maryland is well provided with road-building materials, 
although their character varies widely, some being far better adapted for 
the purpose than others. The question of transportation is, however, 
so important that the stone of greatest value cannot always be employed, 
yet there is no section of the State where there are not some materials 
sufficiently close at hand to render them available. 

The best road-building materials in Maryland are the basic igneous 
rocks, which are found well developed throughout the area of the Pied¬ 
mont Plateau. Of these there are several types, viz., the gabbro, the 
peridotite, and pyroxenite, and the diabase. The gabbro or nigger- 
head ” rock, as it is locally called, is most widely distributed and occu- 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase .Exposition 


339 


pies an extensive area throughout the eastern portion of the Piedmont 
belt in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Howard, and Montgomery counties, 
the largest regions being found in central Harford and southern Balti¬ 
more counties. This rock is rather tough and difficult to work, but 
affords a valuable and permanent road metal. The peridotite and pyrox- 
enite are not as extensively developed, but occupy very much the same 
area as the gabbro. These magnesian rocks are somewhat more easily 
worked than the gabbro, but do not have its wearing qualities. The 
most valuable of all these rocks is the diabase, which is so extensively 
used for road-building purposes in Hew England and Hew Jersey and 
which occurs in several long and narrow outcrops in Baltimore and How¬ 
ard counties, but is far better developed in Frederick County, where it 
occupies a considerable area near the northern border of the State in the 
vicinity of Emmitsburg. The chief cementing material in all of the 
igneous rocks is the hydrous oxide of iron. 

The next group of Toad-building materials includes the marble, the 
limestone, and the calcareous sandstones and shales. The carbonate of 
lime contained in these deposits acts as a valuable cement, but the ma¬ 
terials have far less durability than the igneous rocks above described. 
They are found covering widely separated areas throughout the Pied¬ 
mont Plateau and Appalachian Eegion, the most extensive and avail¬ 
able deposits being found in the long, narrow valleys to the north of 
Baltimore City and in the Frederick and Hagerstown valleys farther 
west. These materials have already been considerably employed for 
road-building purposes. 

The third group of road-building materials includes the gravels of 
the eastern and southern portions of the State, which belong to the late 
Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations. They cover extensive areas in Cecil, 
Kent, Queen Anne’s, Talbot, Anne Arundel, Calvert, Prince George’s, 
and Charles counties, and with lessening importance extend into the 
more southern portions of the State. These gravels are rich in iron, 
which acts as the cementing material. They probably afford less perma¬ 
nent road metal than the igneous rocks which were first described, but 
when properly used are of great value in road construction. 


340 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


Several of the other rocks, both in the Piedmont Plateau and the 
Appalachian Eegion, have been locally employed for road-building pur¬ 
poses, some of the schists and shales as well as some of the more quartzose 
rocks proving useful though lacking the cementing qualities of the three 
groups of rocks above described. The average yearly production of these 
materials amounts to about $175,000. 

Miscellaneous Products. 

There are several other mineral substances of greater or less economic 
importance, which are either being worked to-day to some extent in 
Maryland or which have been earlier worked within the State, in some 
instances with great success. None of these products will probably give 
rise in the future to industries of great magnitude, either on account of 
the insufficient supply of the material or on account of the very limited 
use of the products themselves. 

Copper. —The copper ores of Maryland are found in the eastern and 
western divisions of the Piedmont and in the Blue Eidge. In every 
instance they appear to be associated more or less directly with igneous 
rocks though sometimes the ore may be best developed in rocks of some 
other character. The copper deposits lie in a series of zones wliich follow 
the general structural lines of the region. Three of these zones, or 
“ veins ” as they were called, prior to the opening of the Lake Superior 
copper region about 1844, and later of the Montana and Arizona mines, 
were considered of no mean importance, and did actually make Maryland 
for a time a copper-producing State. The first of these zones extends 
along the Linganore Hills in Frederick County from New London north¬ 
ward, through Liberty to Union Bridge, the ore occurring in limestones 
and slates or meta-rhyolites. The second zone runs northeast from 
Sykesville, through Carroll County, to and beyond Finksburg, the ore 
being found in the slates and schists. The third deposit, in the Bare 
Hills of Baltimore County, occurs in an altered gneiss or schist near 
the contact with the serpentines. 

Chrome.— The chrome industry in Maryland originated in the dis¬ 
covery in 1827 of chrome ore in the serpentine of the Bare Hills in Balti- 


Maetland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


341 


more County. Subsequently to that, other deposits were found asso¬ 
ciated with the serpentine in Harford and Cecil counties, as well as at 
other points in Baltimore County. Between 1828 and 1850 Baltimore 
supplied most of the chrome ore consumed by the world, the remainder 
coming from the serpentine and platinum washings of the Ural Moun¬ 
tains. After 1850 the foreign demand for Baltimore ore declined gradu¬ 
ally until 1860, since which time almost none has been shipped abroad. 
The reason for this was the discovery in 1848 of great deposits of chromite 
in Asia Minor. This region now supplies largely the world’s demand. 
Since 1886 practically nothing has been done with the chrome deposits of 
Maryland, although Baltimore is still one of the most prominent centers 
for chromiimi salts. 

Lead and Zing.-— Traces of galena and zincblende were early noted 
near the quarries at Jones Falls in Baltimore County, but much more 
decided indications of these minerals occur in connection with the crys¬ 
talline limestone in the western part of Carroll and the eastern part of 
Frederick counties, where attempts have been made to mine them in the 
region to the southwest of Union Bridge. In spite, however, of the 
frequent traces of both these minerals throughout central Maryland, it 
may be confidently asserted that neither will probably be found to occur 
in amounts that will repay mining. 

Ieon Pyeites. —Small deposits of iron pyrites occur in the Magothy 
formation on the Magothy River, Anne Arundel County, and works were 
built at Cape Sable several generations ago for the manufacture of sul¬ 
phuric acid but these have long since been abandoned. The discovery of 
much larger deposits at other points was the cause for the decline of the 
industry. 

Manganese, Antimony, Molybdenum.— The traces of these metals 
which have been detected in Maryland are even more insignificant than 
those of lead and zinc. Manganese was once mined a short distance west 
of Brookville in Montgomery Countiq but the deposit was not sufficiently 
extensive to be profitable. More recently manganese has been reported 
from Allegany County. Specimens of the sulphide of antimony have 
been obtained in the Middletown Valley but nothing is known of its 


342 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

occurrence or extent. The earliest discovery of molybdenite mentioned 
on this continent was made at the Jones Palls gneiss quarries in 1811, 
but the deposit was not sufficient to be of economic value. 

Soapstone.— Soapstone is a compact variety of talc and in composition 
is a hydrous silicate of magnesium. It has been worked to some extent 
in Carroll, Harford, and Montgomery counties, the most extensive de¬ 
posits being found a short distance to the northwest of Marriottsville in 
Carroll County, where for a time the stone was sawed into slabs for 
the manufacture of bath tubs. In later years the product has been 
ground and sold to manufacturers of fire-proof and acid-proof paints, 
although some slabs are sawed out occasionally for fire-brick and hearth¬ 
stones. 

Asbestos. —The crystalline rocks of Maryland contain several deposits 
of asbestos, most of which, however, is not true asbestos, although it 
passes under that name, but is the fibrous variety of serpentine known 
as chrysotile. These deposits are in both quality and quantity of pro¬ 
duction inferior and unimportant. In 1880 one mine in Harford County 
and three in Baltimore County produced a total of 40 tons valued at 
$1000, but the discovery of extensive deposits in other regions has now 
entirely stopped any operations for this mineral in Maryland. 

Mica.— The coarse pegmatites which abound in many parts of the 
eastern Piedmont region afford good-sized plates of light-colored mica 
(muscovite), and attempts have been made to secure commercial quan¬ 
tities of this in both Harford and Howard counties, but they have not 
been successful. 

Graphite.— Traces of graphite have been found near Pylesville in 
Harford County at the edge of the Peachbottom slate belt. Several 
deposits occur farther northAvard in Pennsylvania where they have been 
mined to some extent. 


AGRICULTUEAL SOILS. 
Intkoductory. 


The soils of any region constitute the surface exposures of the various 
geological formations which occur at that place. The study of consider¬ 
able areas of soils, located in many different states and derived from many 
different geological formations, has developed several facts concerning the 
relationships Avhich exist between the soils and the geology. Without 
entering into details, it may be stated that the classifications employed 
in geological science and in soil science are not identical, although in 
the study of the soils the geological relationships must always be taken 
into consideration. In making a geological classification of the rock¬ 
forming material of any region it is important to study the geological 
history of the region. On this account the time element enters largely 
into the identification of geological formations and the construction of 
maps which shall represent them. Similarly, when geological maps are 
drawn it is not always most necessary to represent the actual occurrence 
of the material which lies exposed to the air. In a region where ore 
deposits, coal, oil, or other economic geological products occur it is fre¬ 
quently of prime importance to show the location of the materials with 
which they are associated. Thus a geological map frequently shows the 
underlying rock formations and gives very little space to the delineation 
of a few feet of sand, loam, or clay which may occur at the surface. It is 
with this latter class of materials that the soil map is chiefly concerned, 
since the surface deposits, even though no more than 2 or 3 feet in thick¬ 
ness, are the ones which interest the farmer and the ones upon which 
vegetation, either wild or cultivated, flourishes. 

The classification of the soils does not consider to any great extent tlie 
geological age of the material from which the soils are derived, since it is 
highly immaterial to a crop of sweet potatoes whether the soil upon which 
it is growing is of rather recent date, as in the case of soils derived from 


344 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Pleistocene formation, or whether it is comparatively ancient, as would 
be the case if it were derived from Cretaceous deposits. So far as the 
farmer and his crop are concerned, sand is sand, and a sweet potato crop 
will thrive as well upon a sand of one age as upon sand of another age, 
provided the physical texture, chemical composition, drainage, aeration, 
and the other factors which affect plant growth are equal or nearly so. 
Thus the soil map of any region does not coincide exactly with the geolog¬ 
ical map of the same area. Still it is possible, in the great majority of 
cases, to state with considerable accuracy that a given geological forma¬ 
tion which has once been studied and its soil type or types determined, 
will be found in other areas not yet studied to give rise to the same class 
of soils. There are two general rules which must be taken into considera¬ 
tion whenever an attempt is made to show the relationships between the 
soils of a region and its geological formations. 

The first of these general propositions is that a single geological for¬ 
mation may give rise to two or more different soil types. It matters little 
whether the geological formation is an unconsolidated marine sediment, 
such as occurs in the Coastal Plain region of Maryland and elsewhere, 
or a solid granitic rock, such as occurs in the Piedmont section of the 
United States, or even a limestone such as occurs in the Hagerstown and 
Frederick valleys. In the Coastal Plain region the soils are laid down 
as marine sediments from suspension in ocean water. Because of this 
method of formation, there may be deposited at one and the same time, 
stiff, plastic clays in deep, quiet water, medium or coarse sands near the 
shore-line, and gravel and'boulder beds where some large stream is rolling 
rock fragments seaward. All of these materials might well be classified 
as a single geological horizon, since their formation has taken place at 
approximately the same time, but when these materials are elevated 
above sea-level and become soils, the clay, the sand, and the gravel have 
totally different relationships to crops, and will constitute at least three 
different types of soil. In the Piedmont Eegion, where there are exten¬ 
sive areas of granitic rocks, the frost, the rain, burrowing animals, and 
the growth of plants all tend to break the solid rock into finely divided 
earth material which ultimately constitutes a soil. While the original 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


345 


rock over a considerable area may remain identical, the character of the 
geological forces at work in producing soils may vary considerably within 
small limits. This is especially true where not only weathering or soil 
preparation is being carried on, but also erosion, or the removal of com¬ 
pleted soils is taking place, and the character of the soil which is formed 
depends to a considerable degree upon a nice adjustment of the two sets 
of forces embraced in the words “ weathering ” and “ erosion.’’ Thus 
the same granite rock may give rise in one place to a sandy loam soil, 
in another place to a loam, and in still another place to a clay. These 
remarks apply in the same way to soils derived from limestones, sand¬ 
stones, shales, slates, and a variety of other solid rocks. 

The second of these general propositions is that a soil type agricultur¬ 
ally uniform throughout may be derived from more than one geological 
horizon. A single example will serve to illustrate this point. Suppose 
that at any one time a bank of sand of Cretaceous age is subject to wash 
from the falling rain and the flowing streams and that a part of this sand 
is removed, transported a few miles, and laid down as a bank or bar of 
sand within some tidal estuary or along a shore-line. Tlie character of 
the sand itself will change very little during this operation, but if the 
work is being carried on at the present time the sand in its old original 
locality will be Cretaceous in age, Avhile in its new, derived locality it will 
be Eecent in age. Thus there will be a wide discrepancy in geological 
age between the sand in the two localities, but this will be either the chief 
or the only difference between the two deposits. As soon as the Eecent 
sand is elevated sufficiently above water-level to be well drained, it will 
become the home of plants, and is very likely to be as well suited to the 
production of watermelons, sweet potatoes, or some other crop, as the 
same sand in its old home locality. Thus the character of the material 
dominates the crop adaptation, while the age of the material very fre¬ 
quently has little effect upon its agricultural value. 

Holding in mind the differences in climate due to variations in alti¬ 
tude and topography, the consideration of the variations in the soils 
themselves will show that the agricultural resources of the State of Mary¬ 
land are extremely varied, and that few areas of the same size present so 


346 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

admirable an opportnnit}' for the selection of climatic and soil condi¬ 
tions suitable for the production of a wide range of crops^ for the employ¬ 
ment of intensive methods of cultivation, and for sharp discriminations 
in the specialization of crop production. 


4hTE Soils of the Eastern Shore. 

In southern Cecil County, in Kent, Queen Anne’s, and Dorchester coun¬ 
ties the higher lying areas are occupied by a type of soil called the 
Sassafras loam in the State Gieological Survey and the United States Bu¬ 
reau of Soils reports. Both on the Eastern Shore, and in the majority of 
instances in Southern Maryland, this soil is derived almost solely from 
materials which are known to belong to the IVicomico formation of Pleis¬ 
tocene age. The surface soil of this type consists of about 10 inches of 
mealy brown loam which is underlain by a heavy, reddish-yellow loam 
subsoil to a depth of from 3 to 6 feet. This in turn rests upon gravelly 
and sandy sub-strata, which aid greatly in the natural underdraiuage of 
the soil. There are to be found, also, in Wicomico, Somerset, and Wor¬ 
cester counties other areas of this type occupying the level terraces and 
river necks. 

In Cecil, Kent, and Harford counties, where the Sassafras loam is in 
tire best -state of cultivation, it produces from 20 to 25 bushels of wheat 
per acre, from 40 to 60 bushels of corn, and about one ton of hay. It is 
used extensively for the production of sugar-corn for canning, and it also 
produces 7 or 8 tons of tomatoes per acre. This type has been long- 
occupied by the famous peach orchards of Maryland and Delaware, while 
more recently the culture of pears has been engaged in profitably. This 
type is the best adapted of any in the entire Coa-stal Plain to the pur¬ 
poses of general farming. Its present value ranges from $65 per acre in 
the northern counties to $10 or $15 ]ier acre farther south. 

South of the Chester Elver there are large areas of orange or brown 
sand of medium coarseness, known as the Norfolk sand. This soil type 
illustrates the occurrence of materials which are agriculturally of the same 
character in two or more geological formations, the Korfolk sand of the 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


347 


Eastern Shore occurring in both the Wicomico and Talbot formations of 
the Pleistocene age. This soil also occurs along the river necks of Cecil 
and Kent counties, but it is a more prevalent type farther south. The 
surface soil consists of a coarse to medium broivn sand having little 
coherence. It is frequently more loamy than the sub-soil, due to a small 
admixture of humus. The depth of this surface soil is usually about 8 
inches. The sub-soil consists of friable orange or yellow sand extending 
to a depth of several feet. The type maintains a moisture supply of from 
5 to 10 per cent of water, and is easily warmed and well suited to the 
production of all early truck crops. It occupies the broad, flat river-necks 
and low divides of the southern portion of the Eastern Peninsula. It is a 
typical early truck soil, widely utilized for such purposes from Long 
Island to Cape Hatteras. Wherever shipping facilities are adequate, as 
on the Eastern Shore, or where the population understands the produc¬ 
tion and marketing of truck crops, this soil is held in high esteem. Many 
acres of Korfolk sand are still awaiting development in the southern 
counties of this region. The experience of all the better farmed locali¬ 
ties proves the adaptation of this t 3 ^pe to the production of sweet pota¬ 
toes, watermelons, and cantaloups of fine quality, and also to early peas, 
sugar-corn, tomatoes, rhubarb, and root crops. In the near vicinity of 
large markets the Norfolk sand attains to almost fabulous values. On 
the Eastern Shore its value ranges from $50 down to $3 or $4 per acre. 
This soil offers excellent opportunities to those desiring to secure land in 
locations suitable for trucking and market-gradening. It is not a gen¬ 
eral-purpose soil. 

The Portsmouth sand is another type suited to the trucking industry. 
It is found on both the Wicomico and Talbot formations. The surface 
soil is a fine-grained, black or brown loamy sand which owes its color to 
a high humus content. It is underlain at a depth of about 10 inches by 
a fine-grained gray or yellowish sandy subsoil. The Portsmouth sand 
occupies low-lying, poorly-drained hollows and bowl-shaped depressions 
in the southern part of the Eastern Shore. At present it is chiefiy tim¬ 
bered or cultivated to general farm crops. It should be cleared, drained, 
and cultivated to celery, onions, cabbage, late strawberries, and similar 


348 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Pukchase Exposition 


late truck crops. In the vicinity of Portsmouth^ Virginia, whence its 
name is derived, it is utilized as a general truck soil. 

The ElJcton clay is a poorly-drained counterpart of the Sassafras loam, 
occurring chiefly in the Talbot formation. It is probable that a large 
part of it could be converted into the better type by proper underdrain¬ 
age. In its present condition, the surface soil is a brown loam having a 
depth of about 9 inches. The subsoil is a stiff, mottled yellow and gray 
clay loam. It is a fair grass and wheat land, but to attain its highest 
value it should be drained and used as a general farming soil. The 
Elkton clay occupies low river necks and poorly-drained divides through¬ 
out the region. 

Other types of importance on the Eastern Shore are Sassafras sandy 
loam, Sassafras gravelly loam, and Meadow. The flrst two occur in the 
Wicomico formation in the northern portion, and largely in the Talbot 
formation in the southern portion of the Eastern Shore. Meadow repre¬ 
sents poorly-drained land not suitable for agricultural crops at the present 
time. It may occur in materials of any geological age. In the northern 
part there are large areas of Susquehanna clay and Susquehanna gravel, 
both of which are nearly worthless for agricultural purposes. These soils 
are derived from the formations of the Potomac G-roup. Unfortunately, 
they are crossed by the main railroad system and present to the traveller 
a picture of desolation which is very far from representing the scenes 
to be enjoyed only a few miles away on either hand. 

Along the Atlantic coast line the marshes are underlain by Galveston 
clay, and the barrier beaches consist of Galveston sand, neither type pos¬ 
sessing any agricultural value at present. These are both of Talbot age."^ 

The Soils of Southern Maryland. 

The Sassafras loam, as already described along the Eastern Shore, 
occupies small areas along the river terraces of Southern Maryland. 
Here, also, it is a product of the Wicomico formation. It is usually not 

^For more extended descriptions of these soil types, see Reports and maps 
of Maryland Geological Survey and U. S. Bureau of Soils. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


349 


so well tilled as on the Eastern Shore and produces smaller crop yields. 
The NorfoU- sand, also previously described, occupies considerable areas 
on the low, flat river-necks of Southern Maryland, and it is also exten¬ 
sively developed, with a more hilly topography, along the streams and in 
the upland regions. Its prevalence in the northern part of Anne Arun¬ 
del County has rendered that region pre-eminent in Maryland as a pro¬ 
ducer of truck crops, its cantaloupes and early peas receiving especially 
favorable notice. In the more southern counties the JSTorfolk sand is 
utilized in the production of peaches, tobacco and corn. In the Southern 
Maryland counties this soil is not only derived from materials occurring 
in all of the Pleistocene formations, but it is also found where sandy 
members of the older underlying formations reach the surface. 

The Sassafras sandy loam, Avhich is well adapted to' the production of 
all canning crops, is quite extensively developed in the form of river ter¬ 
races in Southern Maryland, and ElMon clay is occasionally encountered 
in Prince George’s County. Both of these types have the same geological 
relationships as on the Eastern Shore. 

The chief upland or plateau type in St. Mary’s, Charles, and Prince 
George’s counties is the Leonardtown loam. This soil type is derived 
from materials of Sunderland age, and also from the older Pliocene de¬ 
posits found upon the highland in all the Southern Maryland counties. 
The surface soil to a depth of about 9 inches is a yellow or gray silt loam. 
It is underlain by a mottled red and gray clay loam subsoil, which is in 
turn underlain at a depth of from 5 to 8 feet by gravel beds or gravel and 
sand. A large part of this type is occupied by white oak and pitch pine 
(P. rigida) forests. When so occupied its value is about $2 or $3 an 
acre. The value of the cleared lands varies from $5 to $12 per acre. 
While this land is little esteemed by the majority of farmers of this re¬ 
gion, its capabilities have been abundantly demonstrated upon a few 
farms where improved methods of tillage, fertilization, and crop rotation 
are practiced. In St. Mary’s County, near Park Hill, certain farms on 
this type are producing from 20 to 25 bushels of wheat and 35 bushels 
of corn per acre. Hear Hew Market one farmer is securing 1-| tons of 
hay per acre. Similarly, in Prince George’s County, a few farms under 


350 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


good cultivation show the capabilities of the type and display the oppor¬ 
tunities awaiting farmers who will and can use stable manure and green 
crops as sources of humus, will apply lime, and will increase the depth of 
surface loam by gradually increasing the depth of plowing. This type 
should be farmed to general grass and grain crops, with the breeding of 
cattle as an adjunct to permanent soil improvement. The omission of 
tobacco from the rotation is imperative. 

The Norfolk loam has a fine-grained, sandy-surface soil, underlain by 
a reddish-yellow, fine sandy loam subsoil. The soil and subsoil mass 
rests upon yellow or orange sand of medium grade. The type occupies 
ridges and crests along both the Patuxent Eiver and Chesapeake Bay. 
This t 3 "pe is probably a product of the Sunderland formation. Its sur¬ 
face is usually slightly rolling or nearly level. The ISTorfolk loam pro¬ 
duces small yields of Maryland pipe-smoking tobacco of excellent quality. 
It is peculiarly well adapted to the production of small fruits and the 
later truck crops. With better transportation facilities this type would 
afford an excellent soil for producing strawberries, dewberries, raspber¬ 
ries, and blackberries for the Washington and Baltimore markets. 

The Collingtofi sandy loam has a loose, loamy brown sandy surface 
soil, usually about a foot thick. It rests upon a stick}', yellow or green¬ 
ish-yellow clayey and sandy subsoil. Both soil and subsoil are derived 
from the decomposition and chemical alteration of beds of greensand 
(glauconite), a material rich in potash. Indeed, the subsoil of the type 
frequently contains as higli as 2^ per cent of potash salts. Tlie type 
occupies considerable areas in central Prince George’s and Anne Arundel 
counties. It produces larger yields of corn, tobacco, and grass than the 
average of the region. It is also well adapted to the production of 
peaches, pears, and plums, and to the cultivation of white potatoes and 
peas. It is underlain in all eases by greensand (glauconite) marls such 
as are used extensively in New Jersey for purposes of fertilization, d’he 
IMaryland marls are not as rich in phosphoric acid and lime as those of 
New Jersey. The Collington sandy loam is notable among the agricul¬ 
tural soils of Southern Maryland on account of its being a single type 
derived chiefly from a single geological formation. It has been formed by 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE XIV 



Fig. 1.—Valley Farm-Lands of the Piedmont Plateau, with Monocacy 

Aqueduct, Frederick County. 



VIEWS or MAPxYLAND FARMING LANDS 















352 Maeylaxd at the Louisiaxa Purchase Exposition 


the weathering ont of the greensands of Eocene age where they are 
exposed at the surface. 

Large areas in northern Prince George’s and Anne Arundel counties 
are occupied by Susquehanna clay and Susquehanna gravel, two soils 
which are nearly worthless for agricultural purposes. The Susquehanna 
clay loam consists of a surface covering of sand or sandy loam over a Sus¬ 
quehanna clay subsoil. It is fairly productive for general farm crops. 
The Windsor sand is a coarse, sandy, and somewhat gravelly soil found in 
southern Prince George’s and in Calvert counties. It bears some excel¬ 
lent peach orchards, but is usually of little value for agricultural pur¬ 
poses and is occupied by pitch-pine forests and thickets. Of these soils, 
the Susquehanna types are derived from tlie various deposit of Poto¬ 
mac age, as on the Eastern Shore. The Windsor sand may be derived 
from several formations, but the larger portion of the material from which 
it is derived falls within the Sunderland formation of the Pleistocene. 

The Soils of ISTortherx Central IMaryland. 

The Cecil loam, derived from the decay of granite and other similar 
rocks, constitutes the principal soil type of this entire region. It occu¬ 
pies large areas in the western part of Cecil County, in Harford, Balti¬ 
more, Howard, and Montgomery counties, and a smaller area in Carroll 
County. The surface soil is a loam or heavy sandy loam of a brown or 
yellow color, having a depth of about 10 inches. It is underlain by a 
heavy loam or silt loam of a reddish-yellow color. Both soil and subsoil 
frequently contain fragments of quartz and of the partially decomposed 
parent rock. The Cecil loam is very generally recognized as well adapted 
to general farming under careful management. It produces about 15 
bushels of wheat per acre, from 30 to 50 bushels of corn, good yields of 
grass, and 7 or 8 tons of tomatoes. In Harford County a large amount 
of sugar corn for canning purposes is produced on the Cecil loam, and 
the corn fodder is fed to extensive dairies which supply milk, cream, and 
butter to Baltimore. The type is well watered and is valued at from $35 
to $80 per acre as farm land. Much higher prices are paid for locations 
suited for suburban or country residences. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 353 

The Cecil mica loam closely resembles the Cecil loam, except that both 
soil and subsoil contain large percentages of flakes of white (Muscovite) 
mica. It is formed from the decomposition of the highly crystalline 
Wissahickon schists and constitutes a fair general farming soil somewhat 
less productive and durable than the Cecil loam. It is locally known as 
the gray lands.” 

The Cecil clay occupies broad belts and scattered, irregularly shaped 
areas ivhich extend from northern Cecil County across Harford and 
Baltimore counties into Howard County. The surface soil, which has a 
depth of about 6 inches, is a dark red or reddish-brown clay. It is under¬ 
lain by a stiff, tenacious red clay subsoil which grades into the undecom¬ 
posed gabbro from which the soil is- chiefly derived. Locally some areas 
are heavily strewn with boulders which have resisted the processes, of de¬ 
composition. These are usually forested. The type is spoken of as the 

red lands ” from its color. It constitutes a strong, durable general- 
purpose soil, producing good crops of corn, wheat, and grass, and fair 
yields of tomatoes. Its surface is rolling to hilly and numerous streams 
have their headwaters within its areas. 

Throughout the northern central region, especially in Baltimore and 
Carroll counties, are found small limestone valleys marked by fertile loam 
and clay loam soils. These resemble the limestone valleys further west in 
Maryland, in their crop adaptations and yields. There are also consid¬ 
erable areas of loamy soils in western Montgomery, Howard, and Carroll 
counties derived from the slaty rOcks of the region. Though none of 
these types has been mapped, they are known to be fairly fertile general- 
purpose soils. 

The Soils of Frederick Valley. 

The Frederick Valley, at the eastern base of the Catoctin range, has 
two main series of soil types. The shales and sandstones of the Triassic 
(Newark) series give rise to the Penn series of soils, investigated and 
mapped in the Trenton, New Jersey, and the Lebanon-Dauphin, Penn¬ 
sylvania, areas. The Newark brownstone gives rise to a red sandy loam 
soil and subsoil, known as the Penn sandy loam. Sandstone fragments 


354 Maeyland at the Louisiana Puechase Exposition 


are common in both soil and subsoil. The subsoil approaches a clay 
loam in many cases. The type is easily tilled, but the crop yields are 
rather small. The Penn loam consists of a dark red loam surface soil 
underlain by a heavier red clay loam subsoil. The surface is gently 
rolling and fairly well drained. The soil is esteemed as almost equal in 
fertility to the much better known limestone soils of the region. Tlie 
Penn clay is very similar, except that both soil and subsoil are a stilfer 
clay. Wheat, corn, and grass are the principal crops. 

The limestone soils which cover the southern part of the Frederick 
Valley are the Hagerstown loam and Hagerstoivn clay. Their full de¬ 
scription is given in the account of the Hagerstown Valley. 

Tpie Soils of Catoctin Mountain and Blue Eidge. 

The region comprised in the Catoctin and Blue Eidge mountains and 
the included Middletown Valley has not been mapped with respect to 
its soils, but it is known to contain among others the Porters series of 
soils mapped in similar areas in Virginia and Horth Carolina. The 
famous mountain peaches of Maryland are produced on the Porters hlack 
loam of the mountain coves and valleys of the region. The soil is a 
brown sandy and stony loam having a rich dark-brown or black color, 
due to large amounts of organic matter. The soil is fertile, but is diffi¬ 
cult of cultivation for ordinary crops on account of its stony character and 
steep slopes. It is only partially utilized for peach orchards, and the in¬ 
dustry may be more extensively developed. Tbe Hewton (Albemarle) 
pippin can also be raised with profit in this region and in the Middletown 
Valley. The Valley lands are formed of loams and clays derived from 
the weathering of volcanic rocks. They are well adapted to wheat, corn, 
oats, and grass, and constitute good soils for apple culture. 

The Soils of Hageestown Valley. 

The Hagerstown Valley and the southern portion of the Frederick Val¬ 
ley are occupied by a very characteristic series of soils derived from the 
weathering of the Shenandoah limestones. The Hagerstown loam has a 
surface soil which consists of a brown or yellow loam about 12 inches deep. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


355 


It grades downward into a yellow clay loam which extends to a depth of 2 
feet or more, which in turn is underlain by a stiff, tenacious red clay. 
The surface of the type is rolling to gently undulating, and the area is 
well watered by numerous streams. Of these Antietam Creek drains the 
Hagerstown Valley and the Monocacy Eiver is the chief stream in the 
Frederick Valley. The Hagerstown loam is one of the strongest, most 
durable, and most fertile soils occurring east of the Alleghany Mountains. 
It frequently produces 30 bushels of wheat, 60 bushels of corn, and 2 tons 
of hay per acre. It is also adapted to apple orcharding and serves as a 
basis for extensive dairy operations. The land is high-priced hut not 
expensive. The majority of farms on this type are improved with good 
houses and barns and little land in the area can be purchased for less 
than $60 per acre. 

The Hagerstown clay differs from the Hagerstown loam chiefly in 
lacking the more loamy surface soil. The subsoil material of the loam 
is closely the equivalent of the surface of the clay. The Hagerstown 
clay is a little more difficult to work than the loam type, but it consti¬ 
tutes a strong and fertile wheat and grass soil. Small ridges and knolls 
occur throughout both of these types. They are occupied by a sandy 
loam soil of the same Hagerstown series. Such areas produce fair grass 
and grain crops and also bear good apple orchards. All of these types 
have originated from the decay and solution of limestone rock. The 
soils are not especially rich in lime, as this material has largely been 
dissolved during the processes by which the soil was formed. The physi¬ 
cal texture of these types is improved and good tilth secured by generous 
applications of lime. This causes a granulation of the soil and aids 
all the processes which constantly prepare plant food from the soil mass.'^ 

The Soils of the Appalachians. 

The soils of the more mountainous region of the Appalachians in 
Western Maryland follow in their variations the geological formations 

^ For complete description and maps of these regions, see U. S. Bureau of 
Soils. The types of the Hagerstown Valley are described in the reports on 
Lancaster County, 1900, and Lebanon County, 1901, of the Pennsylvania areas 
lying in the northward extension of the same valley. 


356 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

from which they are derived. In the majority of cases the types 
occur in long, narrow areas along the crests and flanks of the moun¬ 
tains. They consist of clay, loam, and sandy loam soils which are occu¬ 
pied extensively by hardwood forests or are cultivated in small areas to 
grass, oats, rye, and buckwheat. The most important type of the region 
is derived from the surface decomposition of the Helderberg limestone. 
The surface soil here is usually a heavy red or yellow loam and the 
subsoil a clay loam of the same color. This soil is adapted to the produc- 
'■ion of corn and wheat, and it also constitutes a naturally blue-grass 
soil. Where the soil is stony from the presence of undecayed limestone 
and chert, rye and potatoes are raised, and on favoring slopes peaches, 
grapes, and small fruits are successfully cultivated. 

The Eomney-Jennings formation gives rise to yellow and gray shale 
loams upon which rye and oats do fairly well and early corn is a profita¬ 
ble crop. It also constitutes the mountain pasture land of the region. 
The Hampshire soils will be described in discussing Garrett County." 

The Alleghany Plateau, which constitutes the larger part of Garrett 
County, Maryland, is marked by comparatively few soil types. The 
Romney-Jennings soils were described in the previous section. Agri¬ 
culturally the soils derived from the Hampshire formation are the most 
important. They occupy large areas in the central portion of the county. 
The surface is rolling to hilly and occupies altitudes of 1500 to 3000 
feet or more above sea-level. The surface soils are red or reddish-brown 
loams and sandy loams, varying with the sandy or shaly nature of the 
rocks of which they form the decomposition products. The soil depth 
is usually 7 or 8 inches. The subsoils are heavier red loams and red 
clays, varying in texture with rock variations, as in the case of the sur¬ 
face soils. The soils are not generally strong, but are easily cultivated 
on all except the steepest slopes. These are forested or form pasture 
lands. 

The Hampshire loam and sandy loam produce from 20 to 35 bushels 
of wheat in a favorable year, and about 50 bushels of oats per acre. 


^ See Md. Geol. Survey, Report on Allegany County. 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 357 

Potatoes, rye, and buckwheat are also raised and excellent crops of hay 
are secured. Large areas of these types are found in the vicinity of 
Oakland, Accident, and Cove. 

The only other soils of considerable extent are those derived from the 
Allegheny formation. The soils are shallow, and sandy loams predom¬ 
inate. Oats, buckw'heat, and grass are the principal crops, and a large 
part of the formation is forested. On the Gonemaugh formation, es¬ 
pecially near Grantsville, there are considerable areas of loams and sandy 
loams which produce good yields of potatoes and fair yields of hay, oats, 
and buckwheat. Certain mountain swamp soils known as the '' Glades ” 
are very productive when artificially drained. The surface soil is a 
black, mucky mass which is usually underlain at a depth of about a 
foot by a saturated yellow clay loam. Kear the larger towns this soil is 
used for market-gardening, and cabbage, celery, and onions could also 
be raised to advantage.'^ 


Conclusions. 

Stretching as it does from tide-water to mountain crest and includ¬ 
ing the full range of geological formations, from the most ancient to 
the most recent, the State of Maryland presents an exceptional diversity 
of climate and of soils. Its agricultural possibilities have not been 
developed to their full capacity. Consequently the State presents, favor¬ 
able opportunities to the well-trained, hard-working farmer of either 
small or large capital. He may locate in a selected region and devote 
his energies to the production of certain special crops with which he 
is especially familiar, or he may locate elsewhere and follow general 
farming, stock-raising, or dairying. If the raising of fruit constitutes 
his specialty, the northern and western regions present advantages for 
apple culture or for peach raising. Some of the best opportunities ex¬ 
isting at present in the United States for specialized intensive agricul¬ 
ture are to be found in Maryland within easy reach of the great markets 
of Baltimore and Washington. For the home-seeker no more pleasant 


^ See Md. Geol. Survey, Report on Garrett County. 


358 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


surroundings can be found than on the old plantations of the tide-water 
region, where the products of the water are almost as accessible as those 
of the land; or in the rolling plateau region of northern central Mary¬ 
land, where well-tilled fields and hoarded groves of timber checker the 
landscape and the topography is relieved by low, rounded hills and shal¬ 
low valleys. The limestone valleys can only be equalled in fertility, 
by other limestone valleys or by the broad prairies of the Corn Belt. 
The western mountain and plateau region is in some part still awaiting 
development, although its pioneers have demonstrated its agricultural 
capabilities. 


CLIMATE. 


The climate of Maryland is controlled not only by the general meteor¬ 
ological conditions that affect the whole eastern seaboard bnt by the physi¬ 
cal features of the State itself, the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries 
in the east, and the Appalachian mountains in the west, producing a 
marked influence upon the distribution of temperature and rainfall in 
the several comities. 



Fig. 10.—Map of Maryland showing the mean annual temperatures. 


Temperature. 

The normal annual temperature for Maryland is between 53° and 54°. 
The principal modifying influences that determine the departures from 
this normal, in the various climatic divisions of the State, are latitude, 
water areas, and elevation. The highest normal annual temperatures 
are found over the extreme southern counties of the Eastern and Mestern 
shores. The influence of the Bay causes an appreciable, but not very 




































360' 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


decided, increase in annual temperatures along either side as compared 
with the level land areas closely adjoining. Over these latter areas the 
^ temperatures are very much the same, and differ but slightly from the 
normal for the entire State. The lowest normal annual temperatures 



Fig. II.—Mean temperatures in the four climatic divisions of Maryland. 

occur in the western part of Garrett County, where they range from 46° 
at stations on the higher mountain ridges, to 48° in the plateau region 
lying to the north. Eastward from these higher elevations the increase 
in temperature is very rapid with the descent towards sea-level; a nor¬ 
mal annual of 52° is reached in the western part of Allegany County, and 
an approach very nearly to the State normal is found in some of the 


























































































































































































































































































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


361 


valley depressions. Annual temperatures of 52° or below prevail over 
the northern portions of the Piedmont Plateau, and thence increase 
gradually towards the normal conditions found southward over the in¬ 
terior. In the extreme southern and eastern sections of the State the 
annual temperature rises to about 59°. 

There is considerable variability in the normal annual temperature, 
the normal annual maximum temperature for the State being about 
63°, while the normal annual minimum temperature is 45°, a difference 
of 9° on either side of the normal annual temperature of 54°. 

The diagram on the preceding page shows the mean temperatures in 
the four climatic divisions of the State for each month of the year. 

KILLING FROSTS. 

A factor of the highest importance, especially to the agricultural and 
trucking interests of a community, is the average date of occurrence of 
the first killing or black ” frost in autumn, and the last in spring, 
and their variations in time of occurrence from year to year. Frosts 
are usually designated as light,^^ heavy,” or killing.” The term 

light ” is applied to frosts which are destructive only to tender plants; 
“ heavy ” to copious deposits of frost, but which do not destroy the 
staple products; “ killing ” to such as are blighting to the staple pro¬ 
ducts of the locality in which the frost occurs. First and last killing 
frosts are tabulated below for each year from 1871 to 1904 for the 
vicinity of Baltimore. The data given for Baltimore represent fairly 
well the mean values for the entire State. In the absence of a killing 
frost before a minimum temperature of 32° was observed, the date of 
the first record of a freezing temperature was entered in the table. The 
interval in days between the last frost in spring and the first in autumn 
is likewise given in order to show the lenghh of the period of safe plant 
growth. 

The average date of occurrence of the last killing frost in spring, 
based on observations of 34 years, is according to the above table, April 
4. It has occurred as early as February 26, namely in 1903, and as 
late as May 3, as in 1882. The first killing frost in autumn has oc- 


362 Maeyland at the Louisiana Pukctiase Exposition 


KILLING FROSTS IN THE VICINITY OF HALTIMORE. 



Last in Spring. 

First in Autumn. 

Interval in days. 

LSTl . 

*Feb. 

23 

Min. 

30° 

*Nov. 28 

Min. 

31° 


1812 . 

*Mar. 

25 

33 

* “ 16 

30 

.... 


a 

31 

29 

Oct 29 

31 

213 

18T4. 

Apr. 

13 

29 

Nov. 10 

31 

211 

18T5. 



32 

“ 3 

32 

196 

1876.. 

ii 

o 

30 

Oct. 15 

33 

196 

1877. 

4k 

3 

32 

Nov. 4 

37 

216 

1878. 

Mar. 

26 

21 

Dec. 6 

33 

266 

1879. 

Apr. 

6 

32 

Oct. 26 

30 

204 

1880. 


13 

30 

Nov. 8 

36 

210 

1881. 

44 

31 

39 

“ 27 

34 

220 

1883. 

May 

O 

38 

“ 19 

SO 

200 

1883. 

Apr. 

26 

34 

“ 13 

33 

203 

1881. 

Mar. 

30 

31 

“ 7 

30 

ooo 



16 

31 

“ 1 

36 

230 

1886. 

<4 

34 

29 

Oct. ,17 

36 

207 

1887. 

Apr. 

6 

30 

“ 31 

32 

308 

1888. 

Mar. 

19 

30 

“ 22 

36 

217 

1889. 

Ht 44 

30 

28 

Nov. 6 

35 

.... 

1890 . 

*Apr. 

O 

31 

Oct. 31 

36 


1891. 

44 

9 

36 

“ 29 

33 

203 

1893. 

44 

16 

34 

“ 6 

36 

174 

1893.. 

44 

16 

36 

“ 17 

36 

184 

1891. 

“ 

11 

32 

Nov. 12 

27 

216 

1896. 

44 

11 

34 

Oct. 29 

34 

301 

1896. 


8 

33 

Nov. 14 

33 

230 

1897. 

*Mar. 

29 

34 

Oct. 31 

39 

.... 

1898. 

Av>r. 

6 

26 

“ 38 

34 

206 

1899 . 

Mar. 

25 

30 

Nov. 4 

36 

224 

1900. 


23 

26 

“ 16 

38 

239 

1901. 

m 44 

17 

30 

“ 11 

31 


1903. 

44 

7 

31 

Oct. 30 

34 

237 

1903. 

Feb. 

36 

29 

Nov. 7 

28 

254 

1904. 

Apr-. 

17 

31 

. 



Average date 1871-1903 . 

Apr. 

4 . 


Nov. 3 . 


313 Average period. 

Earliest date . 

Feb. 

26, 1903 

Oct. 6, 1892 

265 Longest period. 

Latest date . 

May 

3, 1882 

Dec. 6, 1878 

174 Shortest period. 


*No frost recorded ; first day in Autumn and last day in Spring with a minimum temper¬ 
ature of 33° or below. 




















































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


363 


curred, on the average, on hTovember 3. The earliest appearance is that 
of October 6, 1892, and the latest that of December 6, 1878. In the 
ordinary course of events, accordingly, the period of safe plant growth in 
the central part of the State, based upon the occurrence of killing frosts, 
is from April 4 to November 3, or approximately seven months. While 
this is the most probable length of the period, the interval may be con¬ 
siderably extended by a late antumn frost in conjunction with an early 
spring frost, or the period may be shortened by a late spring frost fol¬ 
lowed by an earl}^ autumn frost. The extent to which this important 
interval has varied in the past 34 years is shown in the above table. The 
shortest interval, namely 5 months and 24 days, was that of 1892, extend¬ 
ing from April 15 to October 6; the longest was that of 1878, extending 
from March 26 to December 6, or 8 months and 15 days. Calculating 
on the basis of a 34-year record, we find that the last killing frost in 
spring is likely to occur sometime within the first decade of April once 
in 4 years; in the second decade once in 5 years; in the third decade once 
in 11 years; the latest occurrence, as stated above, was May 3, 1882. 
In the autumn the first killing frost has occurred but once in 33 years in 
the first decade of October, three times in the second decade, and ten 
times in the third decade. It fell within the first decade of November 
9 times, within the second decade 7 times, and within the third decade 
twice. The latest in 33 years occurred on December 6, 1878. 

ADVENT OF SPRING. 

Botanists state that the protoplasmic contents of the vegetable cells 
find the limits of their activity at about 43°. When the temperature 
falls below this point the protoplasm becomes inactive; when the tem¬ 
perature rises and reaches this point the protoplasm awakens, and as 
it passes above 43° the cell begins to grow and multiply. The advent 
of spring may properly be considered as taking place at the advent of 
an isotherm one degree higher, or 44°. 

The average date has been obtained on which a daily mean temperature 


364 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

of 44° becomes permanent, and the result is shown in Figure 3 2, on 
page 366, which is intended to represent the average date of the advent 
df spring in Marjdand. 

It will be seen that spring first appears in the extreme southeastern 
counties, usually about the 7th of March. It advances northward in 
the next two weeks to an east and west line touching southern Delaware. 
Within the next four days the line moves northward, east and west, 
throuigh Prince G-eorge^s County. Five days later it reaches northern 
central Maryland, and by the first of April includes most of the State 
except Garrett County, which does not experience permanent spring 
conditions until about the middle of April. 


HIGHEST RECORDED TEMPERATURES. 
Mainly from Records for Five Years or Over. 


STATIONS. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Jun. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sep. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An¬ 

nual 

Annapolis. 

61 

63 

68 

87 

94 

96 

97 

94 

98 

86 

69 

64 

98 

Baltimore . 

73 

78 

83 

94 

96 

98 

104 

98 

101 

90 

78 

73 

104 

Charlotte Hall.... 

66 

70 

83 

97 

95 

100 

103 

99 

100 

88 

78 

70 

103 

Chestertown. 

63 

61 

79 

87 

93 

94 

97 

93 

90 

83 

76 

66 

97 

College Park. 

63 

68 

83 

93 

94 

lOO 

105 

98 

101 

88 

78 

69 

105 

Cumberland. 

70 

66 

84 

94 

91 

101 

103 

101 

97 

87 

86 

68 

10.3 

Darlington. 

6.5 

63 

78 

94 

94 

96 

93 

97 

94 

85 

74 

69 

98 

Deer Park. 

61 

61 

75 

84 

93 

99 

94 

91 

90 

80 

70 

65 

99 

Denton . 

63 

iO 

82 

97 

98 

lOl 

103 

97 

98 

82 

80 

73 

103 

Easton. 

66 

64 

82 

93 

93 

98 

101 

98 

96 

87 

77 

66 

101 

Frederick. 

64 

63 

76 

93 

96 

99 

104 

99 

96 

86 

76 

66 

104 

Hagerstown. 

63 

63 

82 

9> 

98 

98 

93 

100 

96 

88 

77 

66 

100 

Jew’ell. 

64 

66 

80 

94 

96 

99 

99 

97 

96 

83 

78 

68 

99 

Laurel. 

64 

61 

80 

94 

94 

99 

104 

98 

100 

90 

77 

67 

104 

Mardela Springs... 

70 

67 

80 

93 

93 

96 

98 

100 

96 

88 

77 

67 

100 

Mt. St. Mary’s. 

61 

63 

78 

93 

90 

93 

103 

96 

95 

88 

74 

66 

103 

Newark, Del. 

66 

61 

73 

93 

93 

98 

93 

98 

97 

86 

76 

6:} 

98 

New Market. 

63 

61 

79 

93 

93 

99 

105 

98 

96 

86 

83 

65 

105 

Pocomoke City .... 

69 

70 

81 

93 

96 

99 

101 

100 

96 

91 

81 

74 

101 

Princess Anne. 

68 

66 

76 

93 

93 

96 

96 

98 

98 

84 

78 

68 

98 

Seaford, Del.... 

66 

66 

83 

95 

94 

93 

100 

97 

95 

84 

75 

68 

100 

Solomon’s. 

66 

67 

83 

88 

100 

99 

99 

98 

98 

89 

77 

65 

100 

Sunnyside . 

61 

64 

76 

87 

90 

93 

93 

90 

91 

83 

73 

65 

93 

V^an Bibber. 

63 

63 

72 

91 

96 

96 

93 

96 

96 

87 

71 

68 

98 

Westernport. 

66 

66 

81 

93 

96 

103 

107 

99 

98 

88 

78 

66 

107 

Westminster. 

60 

63 

82 

94 

99 

99 

103 

103 

98 

90 

74 

66 

103 

Washington. 

76 

78 

83 

93 

96 

103 

103 

101 

104 

93 

80 

73 

104 

Extremes for | 
each month ) • • • ■ 

76 

78 

84 

97 

100 

103 

107 

103 

104 

93 

86 

74 

107 








































































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


365 


LOWEST RECORDED TEMPERATURES. 
Mainly from Records for Five Tears or Over. 


Stations. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

Jun. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

An¬ 

nual. 

Annapolis . 

6 

— 6 

. . . 

24 

40 


68 

62 

40 

33 

26 

• . • • 

- 6 

Baltimore. 

— 6 

— T 

6 

24 

34 

47 

56 

61 

39 

30 

16 

- 3 

- 7 

Charlotte Hall. 

— 1 

. . . 

0 

26 

37 

41 

49 

62 

40 

23 

18 

6 

— 1 

Chestertown. 

6 

— 9 

16 

26 

37 

43 

64 

61 

41 

30 

22 

9 

— 9 

College Park. 

_2 

-16 

10 

24 

35 

38 

48 

44 

34 

26 

16 

4 

-16 

Cumberland. 

- 7 

-12 

6 

26 

33 

46 

62 

60 

36 

22 

14 

2 

-12 

Darlington. 

— 8 

-12 

8 

20 

38 

42 

61 

60 

40 

26 

18 

3 

—12 

Deer Park. 

-23 

-26 

—13 

6 

20 

30 

32 

31 

22 

4 

— 6 

—20 

-26 

Denton. 

-17 

-14 

16 

26 

37 

43 

60 

50 

43 

27 

21 

9 

-17 

Easton. 

- 1 

—16 

16 

26 

38 

40 

62 

60 

38 

28 

21 

12 

-16 

Frederick. 

— 7 

-10 

0 

26 

33 

39 

60 

45 

37 

26 

19 

0 

-10 

Hagerstown. 

— 8 

-14 

1 

20 

34 

42 

49 

48 

38 

26 

24 

1 

—14 

Jewell. 

1 

-14 

11 

23 

38 

46 

63 

60 

41 

28 

21 

8 

-14 

Laurel.. 

— 4 

-18 

7 

23 

34 

46 

49 

46 

35 

21 

22 

6 

—18 

Mardela Springs... 

-10 

.... 

16 

24 

37 

42 

61 

60 

39 

26 

18 

11 

-10 

Mt. St. Mary’s. 

—14 

-16 

11 

21 

37 

42 

61 

60 

40 

22 

13 

6 

-16 

New Market. 

- 4 

-14 

6 

21 

33 

46 

62 

49 

38 

25 

16 

3 

-14 

Pocomoke City.... 

8 

- 4 

18 

27 

40 

46 

65 

66 

42 

33 

21 

11 

— 4 

Princess Anne. 

1 

-10 

16 

23 

31 

40 

51 

46 

33 

23 

21 

9 

-10 

Solomon’s. 

4 

- 6 

18 

28 

41 

49 

67 

69 

46 

36 

23 

11 

— 6 

Sunnyside. 

—24 

-26 

— 2 

8 

24 

29 

33 

36 

24 

10 

- 4 

-17 

—26 

Van Bibber. 

— 1 

—11 

9 

23 

38 

43 

53 

60 

41 

31 

19\ 

10 

-11 

W ashington. 

-14 

-16 

4 

23 

34 

43 

62 

49 

38 

26 

12 ’ 

-13 

-15 

tVesternport. 

— 8 

—13 

- 3 

19 

30 

36 

41 

42 

28 

16 

15 

- 6 

-13 

Westminster. 

- 7 

-16 

12 

23 

34 





30 

19 

7 

—16 

Lowest. 

—24 

—26 

-13 

6 

20 

29 

32 

31 

22 

4 

— 6 

-20 

—26 


Precipitation. 

The normal amount of precipitation for the entire State of Maryland, 
whether falling as rain, hail, sleet, or snow, is about 43 inches. 

The greatest normal annual amounts occur over the western part of 
the Alleghany Plateau, where conditions favor both frequency and in¬ 
tensity of rainfall and snowfall. At Sunnyside, in G-arrett County, the 
average annual precipitation for the past six years was 53.5 inches, or 
over ten inches greater than the normal annual fall for the State. This 
station has an elevation of 2500 feet above sea-level, and is situated on 
the western slope of the Backbone Mountain—a ridge running south¬ 
west and northeast, with elevation of 3000 feet. 

Just east of the Alleghany Plateau the annual rainfall decreases rapidly 

























































366 


Maryland at the I^ouisiana Purchase Exposition 


over an area including eastern Allegany County and the greater part of 
A^'ashington County^ or, more strictly, the Greater Appalachian Valley. 
A second area of diminished precipitation is found over upper St. Mary’s 
County and the southern part of Charles County, and a third over nar¬ 
row portions of IMaryland and southern Delaware, bordering on the Atlan¬ 
tic. These three have a normal annual rainfall of 31 to 35 inches, and 
are the driest regions of tbe two states. 

The normal annual precipitation increases east of the Blue Pid|ge, over 
the Piedmont Plateau. Parr’s Pidge divides the plateau into two rain- 



Fig. 12.—Map of Maryland showing the Advent of Spring. 


fall divisions; west of the ridge the annual amounts are about 40 inches, 
while east of the ridge there is a general increase to 45 inches. 

A narrow area over which the normal annual fall is less than 40 inches 
lies just west of the Atlantic coast area already mentioned as one of the 
dry divisions, and a second limited area of this kind is found to embrace 
portions of Caroline, Talbot, Prince George’s, Howard, and Baltimore 
counties. With these exceptions, and that already noticed in portions of 
Charles and northern St. Mary’s counties, the normal annual precipita¬ 
tion for the Coastal Plain is from 42 to 48 inches. The bands of greatest 










































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 367 


precipitation in this latter area include southern Anne Arundel County, 
and from southern St. Mary’s County northeastward over portions of 
Dorchester and Wicomico counties. 

The normal annual precipitation is divided throughout the seasons as 
follows: spring and summer will have 11.5 to 12 inches, and fall and 
winter 9.5 to 10 inches. 

The normal monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation for the several 
districts of the State is shown in the tables on pages 3G8 and 370. 

Snowfall never fails completely in Maryland even in the warmest 



winters, although it may be reduced to insignificant proportions except 
in the mountains. The average monthly amounts for the various cli¬ 
matic divisions of the State are shown in the table below: 


AVERAGE DEPTH OK SNOW IN INCHES. 



Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

A pr. 

May. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

AVestern section. 

12.0 

8.9 

9.2 

3.1 

1.8 

3.2 

6.2 

N. Central section. 

6.1 

5.1 

6.6 

2.0 


6.6 

2.4 

Southern section. 

6.4 

4.0 

1.0 

1.4 

.... 

2.6 


Eastern section. 

4.6 

4.1 


L5 


2.5 

1.9 

Entire state.. 

6.6 

6.T 

6.0 

1.4 

0.4 

3.7 

2.6 

















































368 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 






















































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


3G9 


EREQUENCY OF PRECIPITATION. 

The amount and frequency of precipitation have been carefully tabu¬ 
lated for the vicinity of Baltimore and as Baltimore is centrally located 
the results may be accepted as fairly wetl representing the average con¬ 
ditions throughout the State. 

Considering only days with an appreciable amount of rainfall or snow¬ 
fall (one-hundredth of an inch or more) there are on the average 131 per 
year. The limits of variability in 33 years were 164 and 104. Such 



Fig. 14.—Fluctuations in Annual Precipitation at Baltimore, 1871-1898. 


days are least frequent in September and October and most frequent in 
j\larch. With normal conditions, the rainfall is ample at all periods of 
the year. Disastrous droughts are of rare occurrence. The variations 
in the total annual frequency of rainy days from year to year are confined 
within quite narrow limits. The successive ten-year averages from 1871 
to 1900 were 130, 142, 127, respectively. 

In addition to the days with an appreciable quantity of rainfall or 
snowfall, there are nearly 40 per year on the average, during which 
light sprinkling rains, or mists, are recorded. Their distribution 
throughout the year closely follows that of the days with appreciable 














































































































































370 


Maeyland at the Louisiana Pueciiase Exposition 


quantities of precipitation. While the individual effect of these light rains 
is small their aggregate annual value to vegetation cannot be neglected. 

The most frequent quantity of rain or snouq and hence the most proba¬ 
ble quantity to be expected upon any day, is some amount between one- 
hundredth of an inch and one-tenth of an inch. The average monthly 
and annual frequency of stated amounts, based upon a record of 32 years 
at Baltimore is shown in the following table: 


1900 1888 1889 



DRY YEAR NORMAL YEAR WET YEAR 

Fig. 15.—Total monthly precipitation during Dry, Normal, and Wet years. 


FEEQUENCY OF PEECIPITATION OF STATED AMOUNTS IN DAYS. 
(Average I'or 83 years.) 


Precipitation in 
hundredths of 
an inch. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug.^ 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Y ear 

Trace *. 

3.4 

2.5 

3.6 

2.9 

4.6 

3.0 

4.0 

3.6 

2.2 

2.8 

2.9 

2.8 

38.3 

O.OI to 0.10. 

6.4 

4.8 

6.0 

4.7 

4.8 

4 1 

6.0 

4.7 

3.8 

4.7 

4.1 

5.3 

56.3 

0.11 to 0.26. 

2.4 

2.0 

3.5 

2.7 

2.6 

1.7 

22 

1.9 

1.4 

1.3 

2.1 

1.8 

26.4 

0.26 to 0..50. 

2.1 

2.1 

1.9 

1.8 

2.2 

2.0 

1.6 

1.8 

1.5 

1.5 

1.8 

1.9 

22.1 

0.61 to 1.00. 

1.6 

1.6 

1.7 

1.3 

1.6 

1.7 

1.4 

1.6 

1.4 

1.2 

1.6 

1.0 

17.4 

Over 1.00. 

0.5 

0.8 

0.9 

0.6 

0.8 

0.8 

1.4 

1.2 

1.2 

0.7 

0.7 

0.9 

10.4 

.01 and over. 

11.9 

11.3 

13.3 

11.0 

11.8 

10.6 

11.6 

11.1 

9.1 

9.3 

10.0 

10.9 

131.4 


♦Average for 20 years. 


Winds. 


The prevailing winds in Maryland are northwesterly in winter and 
during the summer months blow from a southerly direction, more gen- 































































































Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


371 


erally from the southwest. The following table shows the prevailing 
wind direction for the several divisions for the past seven years: 


PREVAILING WINDS. 



Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. May. 

1 

Jiin. 

July 

Aug. 

Sf p 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Western section. 

N W. 

NtV. 

SW 

Va- 

SW. 

Var. 

Var. 

s w. 

Var. 

Var. 

Var. 

S W. 

N. Central section. 

NW. 

N W. 

N W.; 

N W. 

Var. 

Var. 

S W. 

s w. 

Var. 

N W. 

N W. 

NW. 

Southern section. 

NW. 

N W. 

NW. 

Var. 

Var. 

Var. 

SW. 

s w. 

Var. 

N W. 

N W. 

NW. 

Eastern section. 

NW. 

N W. 

N W. 

Var. 

Var. 

SW. 

SW. 

Var. 

Var. 

N W. 

NW. 

NW 

Entire state. 

N W. 

N W. 

NW. 

NW. 

Var. 

Var. 

s w. 

s w. 

V'ar. 

N W. 

1 

NW. 

N W. 


The direction of the wind depends upon the relative positions of the 
pressure areas with respect to each other and to Maryland. The velocity 
of the wind is determined by the intensity of the atmospheric disturban¬ 
ces. The only satisfactory records of the wind velocities for the State 
are those that have been made at Baltimore and AVashington. The 
average monthly^ daily and hourly, velocities of the wind, in miles, for 
Baltimore during twenty-eight years are given in the table below: 


AVERAGE MONTHLY, DAILY AND HOURLY WIND MOVEMENT 
AT BALTIMORE. 


Average. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

Jun. 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Monthly'. 

4609 

4606 

6499 

5038 

4636 

4284 

4147 

3787 

£931 

4376 

4413 

4493 

Daily . 

149 

161 

177 

168 

160 

143 

134 

123 

131 

141 

147 

146 

Hourly. 

6.3 

6.7 

7.4 

7.0 

6.3 

6.0 

6.6 

6.1 

6.6 

5.9 

6.1 

6.0 


Sunshine and Cloudiness. 

There is in all seasons of the year an abundance of sunshine. The 
amount varies considerably in different months but in all months the 
average is above 50 per cent of the possible amount. January and De¬ 
cember have the smallest amount in actual number of hours as well as 
in the percentage of the possible amount. At Baltimore the amount 
increases from 4.8 hours in December to a maximum of 9.2 hours in 
June per day. September, with but 8.1 hours of sunshine has a higher 
percentage than June, the values being respectively 65 per cent and 62 
per cent. 


























































372 Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


The average monthly amounts of sunshine at Baltimore are shown by 
the following figures: 

average daily sunshine at BALTIMORE. 



Jan. 

Peb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Year 

Averag-e in 

Hours. 

4.9 

6.4 

6.8 

7.9 

7.7 

9.2 

9.1 

8.6 

1 

8.1 

6.8 

6.6 

4.8 

7.2 

Percentage of 








1 

1 





possible amount.. 

60 

69 

67 

60 

64 

62 

62 

63 

66 

60 

61 

60 

68 


Grouping all days of the year into clear days during which, less than 
four-tenths of the sky is covered with clouds, cloudy days, with more 

Days 1875 i880 1885 1890 1895 1900 

365 


300 


200 


100 


0 

Fig. 16.—Relative Frequency of Clear, Partly Cloudy, and Cloudy days. 

than seven-tenths cloudiness, and partly cloudy days with four to seven- 
tenths cloudiness, we have the following annual distribution at Balti¬ 
more : 



CLOUDINESS AT BALTIMORE. 



Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Aprill 

1 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Year 

Clear days. 

Partly cloudy 

8.3 

8.4 

8.8 

9.2 ; 

9.6 

9.0 

10.0 

10.7 

11.9 

12.4 

10.2 

9.7 

118.1 

days. 

12.1 

10.9 

11.5 

11.8 

11.6 

14.0 

13.3 

12.9 

10.5 

10.2 

10.2 

11.6 

140.6 

Cloudy days. 

10.6 

8.9 

10.7 

9.1 

9.9 

7.3 

7.4 

7.4 

7.6 

8.7 

9.6 

9.4 

106.6 


Fig. 16 shows the variation in the distribution of clear, partly cloudy, 
and cloudy days at Baltimore during the period of 34 years from 1871 
to 1904. 













































































































HYDEOGRAPHY. 


The greater part of the State of Maryland lies in the Atlantic drainage, 
but a small area in the western part of the State is drained by the 
Youghiogheny River whose waters tind their way into the Gulf of Mexico 
by way of the Ohio River. The most important drainage areas within 
the State are as follows: (1) the AMughiogheny River drainage, which 
includes the greater part of Garrett County, (2) the Potomac River 
drainage, which includes Allegany, Washington, and Frederick counties, 
and portions of Garrett, Carroll, Montgomery, Prince George’s, Charles, 
and St. Mary’s counties, (3) the western Chesapeake Bay drainage, 
which includes Harford, Baltimore, Anne Arundel, Calvert, and Howard 
counties, and portions of Cecil, Carroll, Montgomery, Prince George’s, 
Charles, and St. Mary’s counties, (4) Eastern Chesapeake Bay drainage, 
which includes Kent, Queen Anne’s, Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, 
Wicomico, and Somerset counties, and portions of Cecil and Worcester 
counties, (5) the direct Atlantic Ocean drainage, a small area in Wor¬ 
cester County in which the streams flow directly into the Atlantic Ocean 
or its tributaries. On the accompanying map the outlines of the several 
basins are shown. 

Most of the streams of the State belong to one of two types, although 
there are some streams which exhibit the characteristics of both types 
in different portions of their courses. One type is found west of a 
northeast-southwest line, known as the “ fall line,” extending across the 
State through Elkton, Baltimore, and 'Washington. Here the streams 
have fairly steep slopes and flow over rocky beds. Their courses lie 
through a rolling country in which hard rocks prevail. Rapids and 
gorges are of frequent occurrence and there are many opportunities for 
water-power development. Some of these have been utilized, but there 
are still many available power sites that are capable of yielding a large 
amount of horsepower. Much study has been given to this region, the 


374 Mak'yt.and at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 



MfSSJSSIPPIAN 

DRAINAGE 


CHESAPEAKE 

DRAINAGE 


POTOMAC 

DRAINAGE 


ATLANTIC 

DRAINAGE 


Hydrographic Division of the U. S. Geological Survey materially aiding 
the local organizations in the study of the district. Particular attention 
has been given to the drainage basins of the Potomac and Susquehanna 
rivers and their tributaries as well as to the Gunpowder, Patapsco, and 
Patuxent rivers. Stream measurements have been made in many 
instances over a term of years so that the variations in the stream flow 
are fairly well known. This is important for future developments on 
these streams and the data secured are frequently called for by those 
seeking information for water-power sites and for municipal supply. 


Fig. 17.—Map of Maryland showing Drainage Basins. 

East of the “ fall line the streams and the topography and geology 
have a different character. Here the country is less rolling and the sur¬ 
face formations are unconsolidated sands and clays. The streams flow 
sluggishly in winding courses and m the lower counties open out and be¬ 
come estuaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Here also the streams are navi¬ 
gable in their lower courses, but owing to the slight velocity they split 
up rapidly in places, and on many streams the head of navigation is 
several miles farther down stream than it was a half century ago. As 
a result of the general flatness of the country there are no water-power 


MARYLAND 

SHOWING THE 

DRAINAGE BASINS 


MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

WM BULLOCK CLARK, State Geologist 
1806 
























MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


PLATE XV. 


Fig. ].—The Youghioghent near Oakland, Garrett County. 


Fig. 2.—The Potomac at Williamsport, Washington County. 


HU- 


VIEWS OE MARYLAND HYDROGRAPHY 







376 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


sites in this section. In this area also a smaller proportion of the rain¬ 
fall finds its way into the streams, as the loose porons soil, most of which 
is cultivated, absorbs the water very quickly. 

As there are no natural lakes of importance in the State there is no 
regularity in the stream flow such as would exist if there were storage 
reservoirs on the headwaters of the streams. The flow of the streams 
varies according to the rainfall. In areas that are highly cultivated the 
rainwater runs off quickly and the streams rise rapidly at times of large 
precipitation. In wooded areas the water is held back and reaches the 
streams more gradually. The highest water generally occurs in the 
spring months when the snow and ice melts, the ice carried by the large 
streams, especially the Potomac and Susquehanna, frequently gorging 
and causing extensive floods. 


TEEEESTEIAL MAGNETISM. 


The wide-spread interest being taken at present in the investigations of 
the various phenomena manifested by the earth’s magnetism and the im¬ 
portant bearings such researches have both from a practical as well as a 
scientific standpoint on many of the questions confronting the Maryland 
Geological Survey induced that organization to conduct a magnetic sur¬ 
vey on a scale not hitherto attempted in this country and exceeded by 
but one country abroad, viz., Holland. 

The practical need of an accurate magnetic survey is at once recog¬ 
nized when it is recalled that a compass not only does not point to the 
true north but makes an angle varying from place to place, this angle 
at any one place furthermore being subject to fluctuations of various 
kinds of sufficient importance to be taken into account by the surveyor 
in the determination of land boundaries. 

In order to contribute the necessary data for the successful determina¬ 
tion of the causes producing the changes in the compass direction and to 
furnish the means of obtaining the extent, distribution, and depth of 
rocks which cause the so-called “ local magnetic disturbances,” the mag¬ 
netic survey of Maryland included also in its operations the determina¬ 
tion of the angle of dip of a magnetic needle and the strength of the 
earth’s magnetic force. 

Furthermore, true north and south lines were established and defined 
by well-placed monuments at all of the County Seats in fulfillment of the 
statute laws of Maryland. The highly useful purpose of such lines, 
enabling surveyors to readily test, compare, and correct their compasses, 
has been generally conceded and appreciated. 

To make the magnetic data obtained still more useful, a compilation 
of previous observations was undertaken in co-operation with the United 
State Coast and Geodetic Survey, so that it is possible at short notice to 
supply to those interested the amount of change in the compass direction 
since the year 1700 for all parts of Maryland with sufficient precision 


378 Makyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

for all ordinary needs. Extensive use has been made by surveyors and 
lawyers of this valuable fund of information. 

Two tables are annexed, the first giving the compass direction at 
Baltimore for every tenth year since 1700, from which it is possible to 
calculate the amount of change between any two given dates. This table 
shows that from 1700 to about 1800 the north end of the compass needle 
steadily moved toward the east, so that instead of pointing nearly 6° 
to the west of north as it did in 1700 it diverged only about 40' to the 



Fig. 18.—Map of Maryland showing lines of Equal Magnetic Declination. 


west at the close of the ei^ghteenth century. It will be noticed that be¬ 
ginning with the nineteenth century the north end of the compass be¬ 
gan to move towards the west by an ever-increasing amount until at the 
present it points in the same direction as it did about 200 5 ^ears ago. 

What mysterious cause produces a change in the compass direction 
large enough to seriously affect land surveys if not taken into account? 
If a street a mile long has been laid out in Baltimore in 1800 so as to run 
in the direction indicated by the compass at that time, its northern ter¬ 
minus would have been found nearly one-tenth of a mile too far east 
as judged by the compass direction in 1905. Furthermore, over how 

































Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


379 


long a period do these progressive changes extend? Neither of these 
questions can as yet be answered, nor is there any chance that they will 
ever be solved unless every state and every country make an energetic 
and systematic attempt to accumulate the necessary data. The example 
set by Maryland has already been followed to a greater or less extent by 
the states of North Carolina and Louisiana. Previous to the work of 
the Maryland Geological Survey, Professor Erancis E. Fipher of St. 
Louis made a most commendable attempt during the years 1877-81 at a 
carefully executed magnetic survey of Missouri, but for lack of support 
from the state was prevented from completing the work. Since then the 
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey has made magnetic observations at a 
number of stations in Missouri, but there still remains much to be done 
if the completeness with which the Maryland work was undertaken be 
striven for. 


TABLE I. SHOWING HOW THE COMPASS NEEDLE CHANGED ITS DIRECTION 
EACH DECADE BETWEEN 1700 AND 1906 IN BALTIMORE. 


Year 
(Jan. 1) 

North end 
of compass 
pointed west 
of north. ] 

Year 
(Jan. 1) 

North end 
of compass 
pointed west 
of north. 

Year 
(Jan. 1) 

North end 
of compass 
pointed west 
of north. 

Year 
(Jan. 1) 

North end 
of compass 
pointed west 
of noi'th. 

1700 

6° 49' 

1760 

2° 62' 

1800 

00 40' 

I860 

2° 26' 

1710 

6 27 

1760 

2 13 

1810 

0 41 

1860 

3 06 

1720 

4 64 

1770 

1 38 

1820 

0 62 

1870 

3 46 

1730 

4 14 

1780 

1 08 

1830 

1 16 

1880 

4 26 

1740 

3 34 

1790 

0 48 

1840 

1 60 

1890 

6 04 

1760 

2 62 

1800 

0 40 

1860 

2 26 

1900 

6 36 







1906 

6 61 


The second table shoM^s how the compass direction changes in Mary¬ 
land in the course of the day, both for a winter month and a summer 
month. The tabular figures give the correction to be applied to the 
direction of the compass for every hour between 6 a. m. and 6 p. m. in 
order to correspond with the average direction which the compass would 
assume in the course of 24 hours, from midnight to midnight. For ex¬ 
ample, at Baltimore the north end of the compass pointed on the average 
during the summer of 1905, 5° 53' west of north. About 8 o’clock in 
the morning it pointed 5' less, hence 5° 48', and between 1 and 2 p. m. 
about 5' more or 5° 58'. The angular change of 10' in the compass 



















380 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


direction between morning and afternoon corresponds to a linear change 
of 15 feet at the distance of a mile. It will be seen that in winter the 
change between morning and afternoon is only about one-half of that in 
the summer. 

In addition to the regular and progressive changes shown by these 
two tables, the compass is subject to a number of other fluctuations of a 
more or less periodic character which, however, are subordinate in 
amount to those taking place during the day. At times and especially 
during periods of increased sun-spot activity, as is the case at present, 
the compass needle may be suddenly deflected by as much as one to three 
degrees and continue for some time in such violent agitation as to be 
useless for the time being. Such fluctuations are being photographically 
registered at the various magnetic observatories maintained by the U. S. 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, one of these being at Cheltenham, Maryland, 
and another at Baldwin, Kansas. 


table II. SHOWING HOW THE COMPASS NEEDLE CHANGES ITS DIRECTION 
DURING THE DAY IN MARYLAND. 


Month 



A. 

M. 


i 

Noon 



P. 

M. 



6 

7 

8 

9 

10 


1 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

January. 

-0.1 

+0.3 

+1.0 

+3.1 

+3.4 

+ 1.3 

r 

-1.1 

—2.6 

—3.6 

-3.1 

-1.3 

-0.3 

+0.3 

July. 

+3.1 

+4.6 

+4.9 

+3.9 

+ 1.8 

—1.3 

-3.4 

-4.4 

-4.7 

-4.3 

-3.8 

-1.3 

-0.3 


With the knowledge of such facts as here related, there is a noticeable 
tendency in Maryland towards the employment of more accurate methods 
and instruments than were previously used in land surveys. 

The map included in this article enables one to’ tell at a glance what 
angle the compass makes with a true north and south line in any part of 
Maryland. Similar maps published in the Survey volumes show the 
dip of the magnetic needle and the strength of the magnetic force 
throughout the State. The three maps bear common testimony to the 
very irregular distribution of the earth’s magnetism over central Mary¬ 
land. The local disturbances in these regions have been definitely re¬ 
ferred to certain magnetic rocks and it has been shown that the infor¬ 
mation thus obtained by means of the magnetic needle can usefully 























Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


381 


supplement the data acquired from a purely geological survey. On the 
average there is one magnetic station in the State to every 100 square 
miles. The latest magnetic survey of England embraced one station 
on the average to every 139 square miles, while that of Holland had one 
station to every 40 square miles. 

In addition to the magnetic work described above the services of the 
IMaryland Geological Survey were twice called into requisition in this 
connection in the accurate determination of two important boundary 
lines. First in 1897 when by order of the Supreme Court of the United 
States the State of Maryland was requested to make a survey of the line 
which it claims as its western boundary and next in 1898 to trace a 
difficult boundary line between the two counties, Allegany and Garrett. 
This work, as well as that of the Magnetic Survey, was entrusted to a 
special “ Division of Terrestrial Magnetism ’’ and placed in charge of 
Dr. L. A. Bauer, who is now directing the extensive magnetic survey 
work being done under the auspices of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic 
Survey and the Carnegie Institution of AAashington. 


FORESTEY. 


The total area of woodland in Maryland comprises about two and 
one-half million acres, constituting approximately forty per cent of 
the total land area of the State. Something less than one per cent of the 
wooded area is virgin forest. The forests of the State are mostly second 
growth and under 150 years in age. In the western part of the State 
there is much recently culled and cut-over virgin forests with little sec¬ 
ond growth as yet, or covered with a very small brush growth under 25 
feet in height. 

The general forest conditions which prevail in Maryland can best be 
described separately for each of the three physiographic divisions which 
compose the area of the State: (1) the Appalachian Region; (2) the 
Piedmont Plateau; (3) the Coastal Plain. 

The Appalachian- Region. 

The Appalachian Region is the most heavily wooded region of the 
State and the lumber industry is here of first importance. The region 
supplies much lumber for the general market besides the large quantity 
consumed locally in mines, pulp mills, and for building purposes. About 
60 per cent of the area of this division, or some 750,000 acres, is wood¬ 
land. 

The elevation of this region is 500 to 3400 feet above the sea, forming 
a mountainous country of deep valleys and high ridges. The upper 
slopes and ridges are unsuited for agriculture and it is not probable that, 
to any extent, additional areas of forest will be cleared for farming pur¬ 
poses as the best lands are already cleared and many acres once cultivated 
are being abandoned on account of their poor soil. 

The forests of this region consist mostly of recently culled and cut¬ 
over virgin forest and sufficient time has not yet elapsed for second 
growth of any size to develop. What little virgin forest there is in 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


383 


Maryland is located in inaccessible parts of this region. The prevailing 
growth is deciduous, but this is conspicuously mingled with patches, 
and often large areas of conifers. The peculiar position of western 
Maryland, intermediate between North and South, gives the region a 
forest flora rich in species, there being in all upwards of seventy distinct 
tree species. Conifers and hardwoods of the middle South and North 
mingle here almost on the same ground. The important timber trees 
occurring in the region include among the conifers, white pine, hemlock, 
spruce, pitch, and shoidleaf pines, and among the hardwoods, red, white, 
and chestnut oaks, chestnut, tulip, poplar, basswood, birch, beech, and 
maple. 

Nearly all the merchantable coniferous trees have already been culled 
from the forests of this region and the hardwoods are now rapidly being 
cleaned out under the highly intensive system of lumbering which has 
lately been inaugurated in the region. Trees of nearly all species down 
to very small sizes are used for mine props and lagging. The prevailing 
forest condition is that of cut-over virgin forest, covered with a scattering 
growth of large, defective trees not suitable for lumber, interspersed with 
reproduction of hardwood sprouts and seedlings, and occasional patches 
of coniferous reproduction. The prevalence of fires, following the severe 
lumbering, has greatly deteriorated the quality of the reproduction and 
second growth, so that the outlook for a valuable future crop is, at present, 
not bright. 

The outlook for private forest management in this region is not 
promising, due to the intensive form of lumbering, the prevalence of fires 
damaging young growth, and the general slowness of tree growth in this 
mountainous country requiring a very long time for trees to reach 
maturity. No owners of large timber tracts in this part of the State 
have as yet taken up the idea of conseiwative treatment of their wood¬ 
lands. Forest management in this region could best be carried on by 
the State rather than by private owners, as the long rotation required 
in this section to mature timber would not be as objectionable to the 
former as to the latter. There is an increasing amount of cut-over land 
in this section, non-agricultural, and suitable only for growing trees. 


384 Makylaxd at the Louisiana Pdechase Exposition 


which will not have a second valuable crop of timber for fifty to seventy- 
five years^ and then only if properly managed. There is no very great 
inducement to the individual to properly care for such forest land with 
the harvest so far off, while if managed by the State the welfare of 
the next generation would be considered and the forest carefully handled 
accordingly. 

There are some wood-lots in this region, adjacent to farms, and for 
such small tracts, private forest management will be advisable. At 
present, however, not such intensive forestry will be practicable for 
these wood-lots, as for those in the Piedmont section where the land is 
more valuable and timber much more scarce. But the farmers here 
should always try to keep out fire and improve their lots by thinning out 
worthless and hindering material as far as it can be done without finan¬ 
cial outlay. 

The Piedmont Plateau. 

The Piedmont Plateau is a fertile region of rolling hills with a general 
variation in altitude from 100 to 1000 feet above the sea and extends 
from the Appalachian Eegion to the Coastal Plain. It is the most 
lightly-wooded part of Maryland, and the lumber industry here is of very 
slight importance. It is estimated that about twenty-five per cent of the 
region is woodland, or some 700,000 acres. 

There are no large timber tracts in this region and the forest area is 
almost exclusively made up of farmer’s wood-lots, or small tracts, for the 
most part under 100 acres in area. The forest is second-growth hard¬ 
woods with oak, chestnut, hickory, tulip, poplar, and maple the prevail¬ 
ing trees. It is mostly of sprout origin under 100 years in age. There 
is also some old-field growth scrub pine in this region. These wood-lot 
forests are in fairl}^ good condition as compared with the heavily-culled 
and burned-over forests of the Appalachian Region. As the forest areas 
are usually small and much broken up by fields, pastures, and roads, ex¬ 
tensive forest fires do not occur. However, all the wood-lots now pro¬ 
duce much less timber than they are capable of producing if properly 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


385 


managed. The forest is usually under-stocked, due to frequent random 
culling out of timber as needed instead of systematic cutting. 

The u'ood-lot is an indispensable adjunct to a well-equipped farm, to 
furnish the necessary supply of cordwood consumed, fence posts, and 
rails, and for a hundred and one other purposes, all requiring that there 
be a wood-lot convenient. The farmer’s wood-lot furnishes one of the 
best possible opportunities for economical forest management. The far¬ 
mer has the best chance to bring his wood-lot up to the highest possible 
productive state by utilizing his leisure time during the winter to work 
in his wood-lot and improve it. He can usually find use for inferior 
and defective trees, Avhich should be removed for the benefit of the trees 
remaining; it will, in short, pay him to make improvement cuttings. 
The more valuable the land occupied by wood-lot is for agriculture, the 
more intensive should be the forest management in order to realize a 
reasonable rate of interest on the capital represented by the land. Where 
the reproduction and second growth following clear cutting is insufficient, 
the natural reproduction should be supplemented by artificial planting 
or sowing, in order that the future stand be fully stocked and produce a 
high yield of timber. The farmer will, in the end, be abundantly repaid 
if he thus uses his spare time in the improvement of his wood-lot. 

Timber brings a good price in this section because of its scarcity, 
especially such species as chestnut, oak, walnut, and hickory. The 
growing of chestnut for poles and ties is an especially good proposition 
as shown by the bulletin of the U. S. Forest Service on the subject. 


The Coastal Plain. 

The Coastal Plain is fairly heavily wooded and the lumber industry is 
here of considerable importance but almost exclusively in the manufac¬ 
ture of lumber for local consumption and not, to an}- extent, for the 
general market. It varies in elevation from sea level to somewhat over 
250 feet, although much of the area, especially on the Eastern Shore, is 
less than 20 feet above tide. It is estimated that forty per cent of the 


386 Maeyland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


region is wooded, or over 1,000,000 acres, practically all of which is 
second growth under 150 years in age. Before the Civil War a much 
larger per cent was cleared and worked as farm land than at present, 
but since that time much of it has been abandoned and has grown up, 
for the most part, to a thick growth of scrub or loblolly pine. 

The forests of this region occur in much larger bodies than in the 
Piedmont Plateau, but there are no such immense continuous tracts as are 
found in the Appalachian Eegion. The lumbering here is characterized 
by an abundance of small sawmills, many portable, in contradistinction 
from the lumbering in the Appalachian Eegion which is carried on most¬ 
ly by a few large operators. The lumbering is mostly of second-growth 
yellow pine, 40 to 100 years old, which has not had time to attain the 
large dimensions of virgin timber. 

The forests of this region are over half yellow pine, which occurs 
sometimes in mixture with hardwood but more frequently pure. The 
species of yellow pine which occur, in order of their importance, are: 
loblolly, scrub, shortleaf, and pitch. The pine on land over 40 feet in 
elevation above the sea is prevailingly scrub, and below 40 feet is mostly 
loblolly. 

The rapid growing loblolly and scrub pines in this region which attain 
merchantable size in thirty to sixty years are good propositions for pri¬ 
vate forest management, especially the loblolly. Most of the land on 
which this pine occurs is of little value for agriculture and will often 
bring better returns from growing timber on short rotations than from 
crops. In thirty years the scrub pine is valuable for pulpwood; also 
for charcoal. It is best to cut out the loblolly for lumber as it is suffi¬ 
ciently large in thirty-five to forty-five years. 

The outlook of forestry for wood-lots in this section is nearly as good 
as for the Piedmont region, though timber prices are not usually as 
high. 

In the U. S. Census for 1900 the following figures are given on the 
lumber industry in Mar 5 dand for that year: 


Maryland at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 


387 


Cut of conifers. 

Hardwoods . 

Total . 

. 109,651,000 board feet 

. 78,306,000 

. 187,957,000 

Value of product . 

. $2,650,082. 


Probably about one-half of this production was from the mountain 
region and one-half from the Coastal Plain with none to speak of from 
the Piedmont section. 







BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 















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FROM “MARYLAND AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 1904 ' 



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